Knowing Your Audience Paper & Communication Release

Knowing Your Audience Paper & Communication Release When we are communicating information it is vital to know our audience and ensure ou are effectively conveying the message. If we are dealing with a variety of cultural people, we need to consider how our audience will receive and accept our translated information. I will discuss the protocol on the Chilean Copper Mining accident that occurred on August 5, 2010. It is crucial that the Chilean Copper Mining employees and families be communicated with about their loved ones and what will be done to help with their peace of mind.It was August 5, 2010, when there was a collapse inside the main access tunnel at a small copper mining operation in northern Chile; causing 33 workers to be trapped underground (2010). The miners were believed to be in shaft about 2,200 feet below the surface. According to â€Å"Chile Mining Accident† (2010), there was no word about their fate, whether they were alive or whether they would be rescued fo r 17 days. A small hole was borrowed to allow rescuers to send water, sugars, and other supplies to help make them a little more comfortable.The miners were also able to be in communication with their loved ones by using the whole. It wasn’t until October 9, 2010, when the rescue efforts were successful and the miners were saved one by one (Chile Mining Accident, 2010). In a situation like this, it is important to take caution when preparing to communicate with the families and fellow employees of the trapped miners. I must be sensitive to the situation, ensure my information is credible, and ensure my audience understands or receiving my message as it was intended.Since I know my audience is going to be the families and fellow employees of the trapped miners, I generally know who will be listening to my every word. Even before I deliver my message, I need write out what exactly it is I want to say. It is vital to all the members they receive accurate information on rescuing methods, family, employees’ conditions, and health information on the miners. In this case, this pertains to multiple family members, and employees with different backgrounds, and beliefs.It is vital that we continue to informing the families and employees without further frightening them or suggesting that the victims might not survive. When informing the families, I would want to schedule a press conference so I am able to ensure the families ever precaution is being made that there are no more collapses, and that we are doing all we can do to get their loved ones out of there. I would send a memorandum or email to the other employees informing them that we are working our hardest to get their associates out safely and quickly.To the families I might tell them†¦ â€Å"Family and friends, I am here representing Minera San Esteban Primera. I have called this meeting with you to announce that there has been an accident. There has been a collapse in the shafts and there a re 33 men trapped. I am deeply sorry for what has happened. We are working hard and as quickly as we can to get your loved ones out of the mine. I can ensure you we are doing everything we can to get to them. Our first priority is to borrow a large enough hole to be able to communicate with them and get them any supplies they need for survival.We are unsure of what caused the collapse; however I can guarantee you that we will do a full investigation on the cause. As soon as we are been able to communicate with them through the borrow hole we will let you know. We plan on keeping you as informed as possible. We do not yet have confirmation on the exact state of the well being of the workers; however, I can assure you that we have hundreds of personnel working around the clock to get some kind of communication from the men.If you would like to write letters to them, please do and we will send them down to the men as soon as the tunnel is complete. Again, we here at San Jose mine are d eeply sorry for this incident and are trying our hardest to rescue the minors. We will keep you all updated about rescue efforts as updates come in. If you have any questions or needs, please let us know. † To the employees, I would write them a memorandum that would say†¦ â€Å"As President of Minera San Esteban Primera, I have some bad news to inform everyone about.There has been a collapse in the shafts and there are 33 men trapped. I am deeply sorry for what has happened. We are working hard and as quickly as we can to get your loved ones out of the mine. I can ensure you we are doing everything we can to get to them. Our first priority is to borrow a large enough hole to be able to communicate with them and get them any supplies they need for survival. We are unsure of what caused the collapse; however I can guarantee you that we will do a full investigation on the cause. As soon as we are been able to communicate ith them through the borrow hole we will let you kno w. We plan on keeping you as informed as possible. We do not yet have confirmation on the exact state of the well being of the workers; however, I can assure you that we have hundreds of personnel working around the clock to get some kind of communication from the men. Until further notice, all other project and operations are going to be put on hold, so we are able to give our full attention to rescuing our 33 coworkers that are trapped in the mine, this will mean that all employees have been excused from work with pay.I can ensure you all that we are giving our all. † In conclusion, it is important to be sensitive with communication such as this. You need to be sure to know who your audience is so you don’t come across as being heartless. When it comes to communicating to a group of people that you don’t personally know, you need to make sure your information is accurate and up to date and that your source is credible. ReferenceOver 30 Workers Trapped After Chi lean Copper Mine Collapse. (2010, August). Metal Bulletin Daily, (224), 65. Business Source Complete. Parry, W. (2010). Chile Mine Collapse: Facts About the Amazing Survival Story. Retrieved from http://www. livescience. com/11169-chile-collapse-facts-amazing-survival-story. html Chile Mining Accident. (2010). Retrieved from http://topics. nytimes. com/top/reference/times topics/subjects/c/chile_mining_accident_2010/index. html

Electronic Dance Music Essay

Electronic dance music (also known as EDM, dance music, club music, or simply dance) is a set of percussive electronic music genres produced primarily for dance-based entertainment environments, such as nightclubs. Dance music is generally produced for use by DJs and is most often presented in the context of a DJ mix.[1] So called â€Å"DJ producers† often perform live sets of their own dance music productions via a live PA.[2][3] In 2010, the acronym â€Å"EDM† was adopted by the American music industry and music press as a buzzword to describe the increasingly commercial US electronic dance music scene.[4][5] Other dance music communities have questioned the idea of EDM as blanket term for all electronic dance music and the term has instead been associated with specific dance sub-genres that became popular in the US, such as electro house and brostep.[6] A notable example of an early form of EDM is the 1977 collaboration between producer Giorgio Moroder and vocalist Donna Summer on the song â€Å"I Feel Love†, a groundbreaking dance/discothà ¨que hit with no traditional instruments.[7] The first era of electronic music comprises the instruments and music created prior to 1945.[8] The new field of information science inspired composers to explore the use of computers to compose and synthesize music, beginning in the 1950s.[9] The development of computer technology historically paralleled the development of the modern electronic music studio and synthesizer, leading to a cross-fertilization of the two fields that greatly benefited electronic music.[10] Birth of club music See also: Hi-NRG, Electronic body music, Euro disco, Synthpop, Italo disco, Electro (music), Garage music (North America), Post-disco and House music Hi-NRG (pronounced â€Å"high energy†)[11] is a style of uptempo disco or electronic dance music that originated in the United States and United Kingdom during the late 1970s. As a music genre, typified by a fast tempo (c. 140 bpm), staccato hi-hat rhythms (and the four-on-the-floor pattern), reverberated â€Å"intense† vocals, â€Å"pulsating† octave basslines, was particularly influential on the electronic dance music scene. Its earliest association was with Italo disco, which incorporated new American electronic sounds of post-disco and hi-NRG. Later, the genre became essential in the evolution of techno, and, to a lesser but important  degree, house music.[11] Artists like Daft Punk, Jus† ice or Calvin Harris represent only a small portion of those artists, coming mostly from a house music and electro-funk background, who gained a renewed interest in hi-NRG.[citation needed] Acid house and Rave See also: Acid house, Techno, Rave and Second Summer of Love Roland TB-303: The bass line synthesizer that was used prominently in acid house. Love Parade 1997 in Berlin. By 1988, house music had exploded in the UK and Germany with acid house becoming increasingly popular.[12] There was also a long-established warehouse party subculture based around the sound system scene. In 1988, the music played at warehouse parties was predominantly house. That same year, the Balearic party vibe associated with Ibiza based DJ Alfredo Fiorito was transported to London, whenDanny Rampling and Paul Oakenfold opened the clubs â€Å"Shoom† and â€Å"Spectrum,† respectively. Both night spots became synonymous with acid house, and it was during this period that the use of MDMA, as a party drug, started to gain prominence. Other important UK clubs at this time included â€Å"Back to Basics† in Leeds, Sheffield’s â€Å"Leadmill† and â€Å"Music Factory,† and in Manchester â€Å"The Haà §ienda,† where Mike Pickering and Graeme Park’s Friday night spot, â€Å"Nude,† was an important testing ground for American u nderground [13] dance music. Acid house party fever escalated in London and Manchester, and it quickly became a cultural phenomenon. MDMA-fueled club goers, faced with 2 A.M. closing hours, sought refuge in the warehouse party scene that ran all night. To escape the attention of the press and the authorities, this after-hours activity quickly went underground. Within a year, however, up to 10,000 people at a time were attending the first commercially organized mass parties, called raves, and a media storm ensued.[14] The success of house and acid house paved the way for Detroit Techno, a style that was initially supported by a handful of house music clubs in Chicago, New York, and Northern England, with Detroit clubs catching up later.[15] According to British DJ Mark Moore it was Derrick May’s†Strings of Life† that eased London  club-goers into acceptance of house, with Moore stating that: â€Å"I was on a mission because most people hated house music and it was all rare groove and hip hop†¦I’d play Strings of Life at the Mud Club and clear the floor. Three weeks later you could see pockets of people come onto the floor, dancing to it and going crazy – and this was without ecstasy.† [16][17] During the 1990s, events such as the Love Parade in Germany attracted large numbers of attendees, but this subsided after the start of the next millennium.[citation needed] One of the popular raves or EDM concert in the United States of America is Electric Daisy Carnival also known as EDC. EDC 2012 rave had over 85,000 people at Las Vegas Motor Speedway.[18] EDC at Las Vegas Motor Speedway has 6 stages for the DJ.[19] Not only there have 6 stages, they have amusement rides such as ferris wheel and numerous amounts of roller coasters.[20] Ever since EDC moved from Los Angeles to Las Vegas, they have been making more ticket sales.[21] EDC sold more than 230,000 tickets.[22] Also, another popular EDM concerts or raves in the United States of America is called Hard Summer.[23] Hard Summer is more an EDM concert that consist hip-hop, reggae, and rock that is infused with EDM style.[23] Los Angeles sold more than 40,000 tickets[23] North American commercialization of EDM Initially, electronic dance music achieved limited popular exposure in America when it was marketed as â€Å"electronica† during the mid to late 1990s.[24] At that time, a wave of electronic music bands from the UK, including The Prodigy, The Chemical Brothers, Fatboy Slim and Underworld, had been prematurely associated with an â€Å"American electronica revolution.†[25][26] But, instead of EDM finding wider mainstream success, it was relegated to the margins of the industry.[25] Despite the domestic music media interest in â€Å"electronica† during the latter half of the 1990s, American house and techno producers continued to travel abroad to establish their careers as DJs and producers.[25] By the mid-2000s, a number of factors led to an increased prominence for dance acts in North America that was larger than previously observed. Daft Punk’s performance at the 2006 Coachella Festival—the first in the duo’s Alive 2006/2007 tour, which featured the introduction of a unique pyramid-shaped stage design and lighting rig, influenced what Spindescribed as an â€Å"arms race† for visual  effects in electronic music. Spin also considered the act to be a â€Å"tipping point† for EDM, as the appearance fueled nostalgia of the electronica era, and introduced the duo to a new generation of â€Å"rock kids†.[25] In 2009, French house musician David Guetta began to gain prominence in mainstream pop music after the 2009 release of â€Å"When Love Takes Over† (featuring the vocals of Kelly Rowland), which was internationally popular on both pop and dance music charts. The success of the song led to further collaborations with other pop and hip-hop acts, such asAkon (â€Å"Sexy Bitch†) and The Black Eyed Peas.[27] His collaboration with the latter, â€Å"I Gotta Feelin g†, was a major success for both The Black Eyed Peas and Guetta—in the U.S., the song achieved sales of 249,000 downloads and debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number two, behind their previous single â€Å"Boom Boom Pow†.[28] The song eventually reached number 1 on July 30, 2009, and Billboard magazine reported that the song, along with â€Å"Boom Boom Pow,† helped the group maintain a 17-week run at the top of the Hot 100, the longest time period achieved by a single, duo or group.[29] The increased prominence of EDM was also fueled by concerts and festivals, such as Electric Daisy Carnival, that placed an increased emphasis on visual experiences (such as video and lighting effects), fashion (which The Guardian characterized as an evolution from the 1990s â€Å"kandi raver† into â€Å"[a] slick and sexified yet also kitschy-surreal image midway between Venice Beach and Cirque Du Soleil, Alice In Wonderland, Willy Wonka and a Gay Pride parade†), and the DJs themselves, who began to attain celebrity-like statuses. Websites such as YouTube and SoundCloud also helped fuel an increased interest in house and other types of electronic music, such as electro house and dubstep—both of which had also developed a hard rock-influenced sound popularized by producers such as Excision, Knife Party, Rusko and, most prominently, American producer Skrillex.[30][31] In 2011 Spin declared the start of a â€Å"new rave generation,† led by names such as Guetta, Canadian producer Deadmau5, and Skrillex, that was followed by a new wave of mainstream consumers.[25] Elements of EDM also began to emerge in songs by mainstream artists, as collaborations occurred with artists such as Afrojack and Calvin Harris.[25]EDM producers and DJs also began experiencing success playing club shows in U.S. cities such as Las Vegas; at the time, Diplo argued that promoters could generate higher profits from DJs  over other acts, stating that â€Å"a band plays, it’s 45 minutes; DJs can play for four hours. Rock bands—there’s a few headliner dudes that can play 3,000-4,000-capacity venues, but DJs play the same venues, they turn the crowd over two times, people buy drinks all night long at higher prices—it’s a win-win.†[25] Other major acts gaining prominence during this period, such as Avicii and Swedish House Mafia, elected to hold concert tours at major venues such as arenas alongside nightclub appearances; in December 2011, Swedish House Mafia became the first electronic music act to sell out New York City’s Madison Square Garden.[30] In November 2013, Music Trades magazine called EDM the fastest growing genre on the planet.[32] In addition to the growth of EDM through live events and the Internet, radio and television were also credited with helping to increase mainstream attention: analysts noted that sales of Calvin Harris’s â€Å"Feel So Close† and Swedish House Mafia’s â€Å"Don’t You Worry Child† dramatically increased after they began receiving contemporary hit radio airplay.[33] EDM songs and artists have been featured in television commercials and programs, while some artists have produced more pop-oriented songs to make their work more accessible to a mainstream audience.[34] In January 2013, Billboard introduced a new EDM-focused Dance/Electronic Songs chart, tracking the top 50 electronic songs based on sales, radio airplay, club play, and online streaming.[35] Corporate investment in EDM In accordance with the significant growth in mainstream popularity, EDM became increasingly attractive to outside investors, with some comparing it to the dot-com boom of the late-1990s. The beginning of corporate consolidation in the EDM industry began in 2012; especially in terms of live events. In June 2012, media executive Robert F. X. Sillerman (founder of what is now Live Nation) re-launched SFX Entertainment as an EDM-focused conglomerate, and announced his plan to invest US$1 billion for the acquisition of EDM-related properties. His purchases included a number of regional promoters and festivals (including ID&T, organizers of the annual Tomorrowland festival in Belgium), along with two nightclub operators in Miami, U.S., and Beatport, an EDM-oriented online music store.[36][37] The current Live Nation has also made investments into EDM, with its acquisition of Cream Holdings and Hard  Events, and announced a â€Å"creative partnership† with Insomniac Events in 2013;[38] CEO Michael Rapino believed that EDM was the new â€Å"rock ‘n’ roll† of the generation.[39][40][41] Advertisers have also increasingly associated themselves with the EDM industry; for example, alcoholic beverage companies such as Heineken and Anheuser-Busch have maintained marketing relationships with the Ultra Music Festival and SFX, respectively. Heineken also incorporated Dutch producers, such as Armin van Buuren and Tiesto, into their marketing campaigns. Avicii’s manager Ash Pournouri compared the increasingly commercial EDM industry to the transformation and commercialization of hip hop, which occurred in the early 2000s, arguing that the â€Å"corporate world† was beginning to â€Å"catch on† to EDM.[34] iHeartMedia, Inc. (formerly Cl ear Channel Communications), the largest commercial U.S. radio conglomerate, launched a dance radio format in Boston on December 20, 2012 under the brand Evolution 101.7. Marketed as the â€Å"first real EDM station† in the United States, the station, which changed its call letters to WEDX, was an extension of the Evolutioninternet radio channel on the company’s iHeartRadio service. The company also hired prominent British DJ and BBC Radio 1 personality Pete Tong to produce content for Evolution.[42] In June 2014, the dance/EDM format of WEDX was dropped in favor of country music; the format, however, was moved to the HD Radio subchannel of a sister station.[43][44][45] The 2014 business report by International Music Summit (IMS), estimates the EDM industry market worth $6.2 billion a year.[46] Criticism of commercial EDM Despite the growing mainstream acceptance of EDM, a number of producers and DJs, including Carl Cox, Steve Lawler, and Markus Schulz, have raised concerns that the perceived over-commercialization of dance music has impacted the â€Å"art† of DJing. Cox sees the â€Å"press-play† approach of a new generation of EDM DJs as not being representative of what he calls the â€Å"DJ ethos†.[30] Writing in Mixmag DJ Tim Sheridan questioned whether or not EDM was responsible for affecting the art of traditional DJing.[47] Sheridan contends that the emergence of â€Å"push-button DJs† who use auto-sync functions and pre-recorded sets featuring â€Å"obvious hits† rather than a diverse selection of music has led to a situation where â€Å"the spectacle, money and the showbiz [had] overtaken all—even notions of honesty.†[47] Some house  producers have openly admitted that â€Å"commercial† EDM required further differentiation and creativity. Avicii (whose 2013 album â€Å"True† featured songs incorporating elements of bluegrass music, such as its lead single â€Å"Wake Me Up†) stated that there was â€Å"no longevity† in the majority of EDM.[48] Deadmau5 has also criticized the homogenizationof EDM, stating that the music he hears â€Å"all sounds the same†Ã¢â‚¬â€he emphasized his diversification into other genres, such as techno and, in 2014, he released a techno song under the moniker â€Å"testpilot† for Richie Hawtin’s label, Plus 8. During the 2014 Ultra Music Festival, Deadmau5 made remarks attacking up and coming EDM artist Martin Garrix, and during his set later in the evening (where he filled in for Avicii, who was unable to attend due to medical issues), he played an edited version of Garrix’s song â€Å"Animals† remixed to the m elody of â€Å"Old McDonald Had a Farm†. Following the performance, Deadmau5 was also criticized on Twitter by fellow electronic musician Tià «sto for â€Å"sarcastically† mixing Avicii’s â€Å"Levels† with his own â€Å"Ghosts ‘n’ Stuff†, asking in response â€Å"How does one play a track sarcastically? â€Å"Am I supposed to sneer while hitting the sync button? Or is that ironic?†[49][50][51][52] In May 2014, the NBC comedy series Saturday Night Live parodied the stereotypes of EDM culture and push-button DJs through a Digital Short entitled â€Å"When Will the Bass Drop?†. The short featured a DJ named Davvincii—who is seen performing a number of unrelated tasks—including playing a computer game, frying eggs, and collecting money rather than actually mixing, and pressing a giant â€Å"BASS† button to cause the heads of attendees to explode.[53][54][55] Terminology The term â€Å"electronic dance music† was used in America as early as 1985,[56] although the term â€Å"dance music† didn’t catch on as a blanket term for the genre(s) until the second half of the 1990s, when it was embraced by the American music industry with their â€Å"Dance† charts (which continue to this day), as well as the consistent use of the term â€Å"dance music† in reference to artists in reviews.[56] In July 1995 Nervous Records and Project X magazine held their first award ceremony titled â€Å"Electronic Dance Music Awards.† [57][58] Writing in The Guardian journalist Simon Reynolds noted that music industry adoption of the term EDM was part of a drive to re-brand â€Å"rave culture† in the USA; an attempt to â€Å"draw line  between today’s EDM and 90s rave†.[59] While â€Å"EDM† has become the common blanket term for dance music genres in the USA, in many parts of Europe and online, in the UK the usage of â€Å"dance music† or â€Å"dance† is more commonly used.[60] What is widely considered to be club music changes over time includes different genres depending on the region and who’s making the reference, and may not always encompass electronic dance music. Similarly, electronic dance music sometimes means different things to different people. Both terms vaguely encompass multiple genres, and sometimes are used as if they were genres themselves. The distinction is that club music is ultimately based on what’s popular, whereas electronic dance music is based on attributes of the music itself.[61] Genres Main article: List of electronic music genres Just as rock, jazz and other musical genres have their own set of sub-genres, so does electronic dance music. Continuing to evolve over the past 30 years dance music has splintered off into numerous sub-genres often defined by their varying tempo (BPM), rhythm, instrumentation used and time period.[62] The broadest categories include house,techno, trance, hardstyle, UK garage, drum & bass, dubstep, progressive, electro, trap and hardcore. Electronic body music (EBM) is a music genre that combines elements of post-industrial music, EDM and synthpunk.[63] It first came to prominence in Belgium and was considered a part of the European New Wave movement.[63] Pure electronic body music is referred to as â€Å"old-school EBM† and should not be confused with aggrotech, dark electro or industrial music.[64] Production Typical tools for EDM production: computer, MIDI keyboard and mixer/sound recorder. In an April 2014 interview with Tony Andrew, the owner and founder of the Funktion-One sound system—considered a foremost model of audio technology and installed in venues such as Berghain, Output and Trouw—Andrew explains the critical importance of bass to dance music: Dance music wouldn’t be so successful without bass. If you think about it, we’ve really only had amplified bass for around 50 years. Big bass is only a couple of generations old. Before the invention of speakers that could project true bass frequencies, humans really only came across bass in hazardous  situations—for example, when thunder struck, or an earthquake shook, or from explosions caused by dynamite or gunpowder. That is probably why it is by far the most adrenaline-inducing frequency that we have. Bass gets humans excited basically. Below 90 or 100 Hz, bass becomes more of a physical thing. It vibrates specific organs. It vibrates our bones. It causes minor molecular rearrangement, and that is what makes it so potent as a force in dance music. The molecular vibration caused by bass is what gives dance music its power. It is what makes dance music so pleasurable to hear through a proper sound system.[65] Andrew also warns that too much bass, as well as too much sound overall, can be harmful and a â€Å"good sound engineer will understand that there is a window between enough sound to give excitement and so much that it is damaging.†[65] Festival goers, celebrate at the AustralianFuture Music Festival (2013) Festivals Electric Zoo Festival 2011 at the Hilltop Arena See also: List of electronic music festivals and List of Electronic dance music festivals Other festivals, including Lollapalooza and Coachella have increased the number of EDM acts represented.[citation needed] Coachella in particular took an adventurous path giving electronic acts a high profile in a time when they were seldom booked alongside rock bands, in the United States at least. Rawley Bornstein, an MTV music and talent programmer, described EDM as â€Å"the new rock and roll,†[66] as has Lollapalooza organizer Perry Ferrell.[67] Ray Waddell, touring editor at Billboard magazine, noted that festival promoters have done an excellent job at branding.[66] Tomorrowland, a popular EDM music festival in Belgium has amassed millions of followers through YouTube and other social media. Tomorrowland broadcast the show live over YouTube and over 16.8 million viewers tuned in. The 20 minute recap video of Tomorrowland in 2012 amassed over 90 million views on YouTube, a testament to the growing popularity of electronic dance music.[68]

Urban planning & landscape architecture in Jeddah Saudi Arabia Essay

Urban planning & landscape architecture in Jeddah Saudi Arabia - Essay Example By the mid-fifties, the vital requirement for new lodgings has already led to the manufacture of the first houses in Jeddah and substitute of concrete for the customary coral blocks as the rudimentary construction material.As in less than three decades of unassuming dealing village was turned into a gigantic rambling metropolis, the outstanding development, regrettably, is regulated only by morsels and parts from diverse designing principles.When these new building components were presented, the buildings of customary residences have halted, and architecture took a distinct form. For the most part easily answer to the claims and stresses of up to date life, and in the system precious and viable value of old Jeddah have been disregarded. Turker, M. and E. Derenyi, 2000 There was no time to recognize that the evaluation of old and new and purposeful integration and can have its advantages. Instead of the customary localities of the town were either taken or left to worsen, while Wester n-style residential and financial localities of the town were constructed on the periphery. Now Saudi Arabia is seeking to retrieve these balances previous time, what additional can be save, and hold not less than some of the customary quarter of the old City until it was too late. Jeddah After Riyadh Jeddah is the second biggest town in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with a community of over three million people. Jeddah is situated on the west seaboard area of the Kingdom of amalgamation latitude 29.21 north latitude and 39.7 east in the center of the to the east Red Sea seaboard area and the surrounding flat lands Tahoma from the east. Jeddah has seen a pointed boost in community due to migration from villages and suburbs of the town in seek of work and a better life. In supplement, the decrease in death in the UK directed to a natural boost of population. Where there were only 700,000 inhabitants in 1975, by 2006 this number had increased to more than three million people. According to 2004 plan of Jeddah Structure, there was a boost in the mean yearly community development rate from 0, 9% in 1940 to 6, and 3% in 2002. There were an boost in the Saudi community is about 50% in 1995 to about 70% in 2001 and declines in non-Saudi community of about 50% in 1995 to about 30% in 2001 (Municipality of Jeddah 2004). With fast community development, Jeddah built-up localities have increased. In specific, the mass of Jeddah town expanded from 56 sq km in1968 to 1,378 rectangle kilometers in 2002 (Municipality of Jeddah 2004). Urban development has been important to the south and north. This development was the outcome of natural obstacles, while at ocean in the west and hills to the east. Turker, M. and E. Derenyi, 2000 Various undertakings have been evolved and developed in the city. Earth was conceived five milestones in Jeddah: four functional designs taken up in: 1948, 1972, 1979 and 1987 and Structure Plan 2004. City outlook of the town was considerably influenced by these plans. As an outcome, localized administration, Jeddah town, its designing department, in specific, faces trials in supervising and updating of built-up land cover. Traditional procedures for getting facts and numbers for built-up remedy will need a important allowance of time, effort and cash to quickly increasing towns for example Jeddah. However, the span to which isolated feeling can be utilized for the extraction of built-up cover should be investigated. Land use planning In land use designing, these facts and numbers are very apt for supervising the implementation of land use designs, thus, a huge locality of jurisdiction of the whole boundary town of Jeddah. It is conspicuous that the tendency of built-up development and

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Death of a Salesman - Essay Example To put it in short, DEATH OF A SALESMAN was the Great Grand Father of all cinematic technologies. This structural strength of the theatrical art in DEATH OF A SALESMAN stands behind as the everlasting appeal of the play. And above all, it is Miller’s affluence in portraying the culture and society of the day. Any art that reflects the society of the day has the capability to rise to the status of an epic. As such DEATH OF A SALESMAN enters into that domain, gluing theatrical drama and cinema with efficacious contents. This sort of strength transcending ages can be accounted for the perennial appeal for DEATH OF A SALESMAN. PORTRAYAL OF AMERICA: Miller has elegantly portrayed the patriarchal construct of American society. The never dying confusion of what it meant to be an American is the undertone of the play. The play is highly virulent in roping writers, critics and social thinkers of future generations to expose the hidden lies and underlying illusions fostered in a society built upon public myths and nationalistic pride. (Centola, 2007: p.37) CHARACHTERISATION: Characterization of the protagonist in the play has well been substantiated with the creation of his son Biff’s character. Parental imposition of unattained goals into kids’ psyche is well knit throughout the play.

Understanding China and its Society, Business and Economics, Culture Essay

Understanding China and its Society, Business and Economics, Culture and Languages - Essay Example This essay is one of the best examples of comprehensive analysis of the Chinese political and economic systems. It also reviews cultural environment in the country. Despite the global crisis that has hampered business activities among nations, the Republic of China is determined to craft trading partnerships with countries such as Japan, USA, Germany, Hong Kong, and Taiwan among other countries in Asia, Europe and North America. China has expanded its business quest by forging trade agreements with a number of countries in Africa. Such partnerships have boosted its balance of payment. New markets in Africa, Europe and America have created more space for the rapidly growing industries in China to export the finished products to various destinations around the world. Today, the country’s economy has a greater potential to change the future prospects of the continent and world at large. The business culture of the country alongside the goodwill from its huge labor force has been instrumental to propelling the country to greater heights of development. According to the World Bank, China is the second largest economy considering its GDP. The Asian country is rich in culture and language owing to diverse nature of tribes and communities occupying the world’s most populous nation. The government recognizes the ruling party as atheist organization. However, China’s constitution acknowledges freedom of religion to all natives and foreigners. The government only permits people to practice one of the officially recognized religions that include Islam, Taoism, Buddhism, Catholicism, and Protestantism. China’s main religious organizations are Taoism and Buddhism. The people consider Taoism as the folk history considering its long history among societies and ethnic groups in the country. The literacy rate of the country stands at 92.2 percent according to the World Bank report released in 2012 (Chow 2010). Business and Economics China is among few Asian nations with promising economies with large amounts of imports and exports. It is among the fastest growing economies in the continent, which include Japan, South Korea and North Korea (Chow 2010). Despite the global crisis that has hampered business activities among nations, the Republic of China is determined to craft trading partnerships with countries such as Japan, USA, Germany, Hong Kong, and Taiwan among other countries in Asia, Europe and North America. China has expanded its business quest by forging trade agreements with a number of countries in Af rica (Chow 2010). Such partnerships have boosted its balance of payment. New markets in Africa, Europe and America have created more space for the rapidly growing industries in China to export the finished products to various destinations around the world. Apparently, China’s economy has recorded remarkable performance for the last three decades with manufacturing and service industries accounting for the biggest percentage of exports. This has influenced the country’s GDP in positive direction (Chow 2010). Over 500 million Chinese can now afford decent living following various initiative of the government to lift citizens from poverty. Chances are high that China might emerge as the leading economy of the world by 2030 notwithstanding challenges regarding controlling its huge population (Lin 2012). It has the potential to become a modern, creative and high-income society. It is yet to implement strategies that will ensure it achieve its business and economic ambitions . As far as the country’s future prospects in business are concerned, China has the potential to turnaround it technological progresses to achieve greater development (Lin 2012). Apparently, China has a huge human resource base which key to growth and development of industries of various

Honoring America's Veterans Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Honoring America's Veterans - Personal Statement Example We have an obligation to honor our Veterans with our hearts. This is accomplished by a public display of support by attending Veterans' ceremonies and events that bestow remembrance on those that have fought to defend our country. One of the simplest things we can do to show our gratitude to our Veterans is by personally saying 'Thank You' to a Veteran. Go to a Veteran's Memorial service or visit a VA hospital, find a veteran and tell them 'Thank You' for laying your life on the line so that our future generations can continue to live with freedom and liberty. It is easy to be thankful for our great nation, and it is our role as Americans to show it and say it from the heart. Showing appreciation for our Veterans needs to be backed-up with a solid belief in our display of respect. We must be big enough to put our political squabbles aside when we talk about our Veterans. Individuals, corporations, and political parties did not send these soldiers to war. America sends them and as Americans we all have the obligation to keep our political opinions in the political arena. Veterans are fighting for our right to free elections, differing opinions, and public dissent. However, these freedoms stop at our borders.

Visual Arts and Film Studies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Visual Arts and Film Studies - Research Paper Example Upon its discovery, Cubism had a lasting impact on the artworks which were dominant during its discovery. Cubism was more of an abstract art style, which laid the foundation for the discovery and development of other artworks such as Surrealism and Dadaism. As a result of Cubism, new art modes such as futurism and Orphism came to being. Cubism changed the way people perceive the world in numerous ways (Robinson 7-30). With Cubism, the world was not to look the same again because of the huge impact, which this movement had on the world. The revolutionary nature of this movement was so phenomenal that it changed the way artists viewed the components of art. Cubism also changed the world; through it, all aspects of a subject could be seen at the same time. As a result, this allowed the simultaneous view of the parts that comprised an art work. The development of modern art can also be attributed to the discovery of Cubism as a form of art. This innovative movement led to the establishme nt of a new plastic order, which was different from the form of art that was existent before its discovery. Cubism also enhanced revolutionary changes in visual representation as artists strived to change the look of art images (Robinson 7-30). Analytic and synthetic Cubism was also phenomenal in changing the way people viewed the world. Analytic and synthetic Cubism details phases, which took place in the field of art. Synthetic Cubism helped in the combination of many forms of art as it brought numerous art forms. Analytic Cubism encompassed the bringing together of separate elements of artwork and connected them to the whole. With the changes that it brought to the nature of paintings, Cubism was phenomenal in changing the way people viewed the world. Through Cubism, painting evolved, and it changed from the older forms, which encompassed spatial planning and structure (Cottington 3-36). Cubism changed the way people see the world as it introduced cubes and facets, which were arr anged in transparent and superimposed planes. In addition, the cubes had edges that could be regarded as clearly defined; they introduced aspects such as space, mass, as well as what the movement of Cubism implied. Cubism was also influential as it led to the introduction of such aspects in the art such as muted greens, ochers, browns, as well as grays. Cubism also changed the world as it consisted of a combination of both traditional aspects of art and modern aspects. For example, the Cubist movement included a subject matter consisting of traditional portraits, still life, and traditional landscapes. This was coupled with fragments consisting of wineglasses, faces, as well as guitars that became main subjects of the Cubist works (Chilvers 185-190). The other way in which Cubism changed the way the world is perceived is through introducing the use of bright color in artwork. Cubism also introduced the use of decorative devices such as the stippling technique, which came from pointi llism. As a result of Cubism, artists started using shadow, tone, as well as broken brush strokes in their paintings. These aspects, together with the distance established between planes that used to be denser, led to the introduction of light. Synthetic Cubism was extremely phenomenal as it provided the basis for the creation and description of visual reality, which could now be done without illusionism in painting. The synthesis of objects became a reality with the Cubism as artists were able to use real components in collage (Martin 52-76). Cubism also changed the way people see the world by introducing new forms of art, which replaced Western art. Cubists held the belief that Western art was traditional and that it had become obsolete. As such,

Week 1 discussion 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 1 discussion 2 - Essay Example For example, pronunciation of words with /s/ or /z/ requires one to keep the tongue locked behind the teeth. Use of symbolic sound: this refers to one syllable words or sounds that are easy to produce; for example, â€Å"moo† or â€Å"woof†. Using symbolic sounds encourages vocalization and allows children to relate words with similar sounds; hence, pronounce them in the same way. Observation skills: comprise of skills that require children to focus on a specified task. In relation to pronunciation difficulties the instructor might assign a simple observation task to the student. This task will require the child to observe the instructor’s mouth as he/she pronounces different sounds. Activities and strategies to help develop Speech and Language Skills. (2013, January 15). Retrieved from i Communicate: http://www.icommunicatetherapy.com/child-speech-language/child-speech-language-development/activities-strategies-help-develop-speech-language-skills/ Gagen, M. R. (2007, January 13). Addressing Speech Difficulties During Reading Instruction Tips for Helping a Child Pronounce Specific Sounds. Retrieved from Right Track Reading:

Analyzing an Advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analyzing an Advertisement - Essay Example At the top of the advertisement is a phrase written in huge letters stating â€Å"The Luxury Soap of the World†. This statement appeals to the emotion and logic of the readers. By saying that, it will hopefully persuade the people to buy the product since it is world-class. In one corner of the advertisement is a short paragraph, â€Å"In Mayfair†. This paragraph seems irrelevant in the whole advertisement. One thinks that it does not add impact on the message that it wants to relay to the readers. The advertisement could have stood without it. The designers of the advertisement probably thought that this will add credence to their claim that the soap is the one used by the aristocrats. In the last part of the advertisement, the benefits of using the soap is presented. It uses bold capital letters to emphasize the advantages of using Yardley soap. Below the last paragraph the price of the product is written and it states where it can be bought. Further below, the various products of Yardley are

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example As per the franchise agreement, the Corporation owns most properties where McDonald's is located. The UK business model is different, in that fewer than 30% of restaurants are franchised, with the majority under the ownership of the company. McDonald's trains its franchisees and others at Hamburger University in Oak Brook, Illinois. Nearly one in eight workers in the US has worked with McDonald's at one point in their lives. [1] Eric Schlosser's. McDonald's is also the largest private operator of playgrounds in the country, apart from being the single biggest purchaser of pork, beef, potatoes, and apples. The meats that the company deploys vary with the culture of the country. McDonald's is unique in several ways to its competitors as regards the way it runs its business. It has not always been smooth sailing though, for the most famous fast food joint in the world. McDonald's has been targeted by criticism for allegations of manipulation of entry-level workers, , ecological damage generated by industrial processing of its products, selling far from healthy food, producing packaging waste, exploitative and controversial advertising and partaking in the suffering of livestock. McDonald's' tendency towards promoting high-calorie foods like French fries has not helped either. Also, several McDonald's restaurants are alleged to have used substitute meats, like wildebeest and horse. While these allegations are serious, some argue that it is simply paying the price for being famous. McDonald's Food supply chain McDonald's puts food safety at the very top of their agenda. This is not surprising for a company that does billions of sales revenue annually. This kind of ethics promotes good business as well. At the heart of the McDonald's operation is a quality assurance and supplier food safety programs and is seen as top corporate priority. Suppliers and franchisees have to follow meticulous quality and safety guidelines if they want to sustain their association with McDonald's. It is a high-profile business whose success is founded on good customer experience. Thus, setting clear food safety and quality expectations is the best way to make the business work. [2] Sarah Fister Gale "Food safety is a never-ending process for McDonald's, from raw materials, through the facilities and distribution centers, and all the way to the restaurants. It's a top priority at McDonald's. It's a fundamental standard of our business and our heritage, and will never be compromised." - Lamont Rumbers, director of quality systems for McDonald's USA. [2] For sandwich buns alone McDonald's has tie-ups with more than 20 bakeries all

Transportation Management Essay Example for Free

Transportation Management Essay Transportation plays a vital role in the department of transport.   Transportation includes road, railways, aviation, shipping etc.   The mission of transportation is to safely cover the distance between the two destinations. The board known as the Transportation Research Board carries out these transportation objectives. This type of board mission is to create an innovation and to develop the growth of the transportation. The mission objective is to improve the steps that are earlier carried out by the transportation department. Modification should be the strategy among the board management. The change should be followed by the application or execution of the recent progress made by other countries in the means of transportation. The boards work is to share the rules or implications to the management authority. The management authority should split the information to the persons appointed to do the work. The practitioners should practice it and the researchers should implement it with proper management skills. Different countries have separate rules and regulation according to which different countries work out there system and police according to their plans. But the main theme of the transportation should safe, comfortable and no pestering occurs during transportation. For example it should be seen that the aviation transportation department should have the proper following rules for a free access of the transportation. Not only the air traffic should be well organized but also the customers services are also be managed by the management board. The ticketing system should have extra precaution arrangement as soon as the customers are purchasing a ticket. Flight fares with proper reservation of the seats should well clarify before purchasing it. Services to the customers on board should be well handed to the professionals who are related to the hospitality Industry. Airport authority management should be well organized in the planes arrival and departure. Organization teams should be well trained before they are put into practice. The board of aviation should chalk out there plans of the whole systems before operating it. (Trb, 2006) The American and European are usually initiated, financed and well constructed by the private enterprise. They are well maintained and sound controlled. The government has provided a lot of fund and opportunity to the private organization so that the citizen do not face problem in transportation. The private organization has taken the transport system quiet acutely and they had implemented the transport system in a well-organized manner. They normally solve the problem as quickly as possible without getting delayed. The more spontaneous they work out the problem it will be helpful to the board to go ahead with other situation that are creating or having a problem. The American and the European transport system facilities had developed so quickly that the other countries are planning to have that type of transportation system that they do not possess. Even the metro railway transportation system is better than that of India. They provide faster and advanced transportation system to the citizens that they dont face crisis situation. Compare and contrast comes when there are disadvantages seen in the transportation system in the countries of America and European countries. (Prisma-eu, 2007) As road transportation is concerned, the board should have an organized planning. Roads and highways should be well connected to each and every cities, towns and villages. Road tracks should not be having traffic problems and for that professionals should direct the traffic signal operation. To control the system in the streets and roads the board should appoint police those can gratis the traffic if any problem occurs. They should be skilled well and they should be taught with different problems of the roads rules and regulation safety norms so that they do not face any difficulty when they are in the operation. They should be provided with proper dress and the functions of the job should be distributed according to the work knowledge is concerned. Railway is another feature of transportation .The country progress depends on this very system others are also equally valuable but the railway transportation is one of the main criteria. For long distance travel, passengers are provided with better seating as well as the sleeping arrangements along with the service of food and beverages. Normally the travelers those who travel in trains can provide ample time for transportation and the fare here are also low in comparison to the airlines, road and shipping. Transportation in train takes a lot of time to cover the distance that the travelers want to travel, in comparison to other faster transportation. The board of railways should provide more facilities to its customers in terms of their previous arrangement of services that they have given earlier. Air transportation is receiving more customers than the railways because they are providing quicker destination service with an affordable rate. To cope with that type of facilities railways board of management taking actions of not increasing the price of the ticket and also in the service provided. The board always has to see that they do not loose its customers due to increase in the various area of transportation system. (Prisma-eu, 2006) References: Trb; 2006; Critical Issues in Transportation; trb.org; retrieved on 07.02.2008 from http://www.trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?ID=5786 Prisma-eu; 2006; Implications of Pan-European best practice in eTransport delivery; prisma-eu.com Prisma-eu; 2007; eTransport 2010 vision; prisma-eu.com

Rising Tuition Essay Example for Free

Rising Tuition Essay Most people have heard an elder complain about rising prices saying, â€Å"When I was your age I could go to the store with a quarter and buy a bag of chips, a few pieces of candy, some cookies, a drink and still have change left over.† Although the prices from decades ago are ideal, the concept of inflation and the decrease in the value of money have been accepted. Inflation affects the price of everything like milk, clothing, medical care, gas, and especially college tuition. According to the Bureau of Labor and Statistics, college tuition prices have increased at the highest rate compared to any consumer item, medical care, or even gas. In fact, college tuition and fees, as of 2012, are 600% of the tuition and fees in 1985 (Rampell 4). This statistic poses the question of why the cost to obtain higher education is steadily rising. A simple explanation can be found in the key economic principle that demand drives prices up, but the issue goes much deeper than that. The structure of the financial aid system, additional accommodations offered by colleges, and most of all the decrease in government funding toward higher education are the causes directly correlated to the continuous rise in tuition. Firstly, the structure of the financial aid system is a contributing factor to the steady increase in college tuition. Dr. Joshua Robinson, an economics professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, explained that it is often argued that the increase in federal aid simply leads colleges to raise their tuition costs to reflect the financial aid in hopes that it will buffer the increase. This idea represents the Bennett Hypothesis, which was created by U.S. Secretary of Education, William J. Bennett (Robinson). There is much argument over this hypothesis, but there have been many credible findings that support this idea. Title IV deals with the federal student aid programs. According to an article by Judith Scott-Clayton, similar programs offered by non-Title IV â€Å"cost about 75 percent more when offered at Title IV institutions – with the difference in tuition roughly approximating the size of a Pell Grant (Scott-Clayton 8).† In addition, the amount of financi al aid given out to undergraduate students on a national level has sharply  increased over eight billion dollars since 2007, which means that more students are attending college and needing financial aid (Schworm 3). Referring back to the same information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it is especially interesting to note that from the year 2007, when financial aid increased, to present day the percentage increase in college tuition became exponentially higher than the rest of the increasing percentages (Rampell 4). This proves that the federal aid system has a significant connection to the increasing tuition rates. Another way that the structure of the financial aid system contributes to the rise in tuition is through the scholarships that colleges give out. In the academic article entitled â€Å"Why Tuition Costs are Rising So Quickly,† Robert Martin explains how the scholarships that colleges offer are a factor in the rising tuition crisis. He shares that when colleges offer scholarships they are really price discounts, so â€Å"the education and general expenses are overstated by the amount equal to scholarships.† Martin also shares that for colleges to ensure that their f unds balance out, they â€Å"record tuition revenue as if every student paid the posted price for tuition (Martin 93).† In other words, the amount of revenue that a college lacks once all tuition is paid is equal to the amount in scholarships given. As a result, the tuition goes up for the non- scholarship students as a whole to make up for the amount dispersed in scholarships. With this occurring at colleges all across the nation it is clear to see how financial aid is a causal factor in the increase in tuition. The rise in college tuition is also affected by the additional accommodations that these institutions have found to be â€Å"necessary† benefits. Just as the world evolves, institutions of higher learning evolve in the same way. This means colleges have become much more dynamic as far as the things they offer to their students and employees. For instance, many institutions have invested in having emergency alert systems. Most colleges did not have this feature many decades ago, so implementing this requires additional funding, which can explain a portion of the increasing tuition cost. For example, public universities spend 23% more on offering services like counseling compared to what they were spending in 1995 (Clark 6). This additional focus on accommodating the student is partly stemming from the rise in tuition, which means that colleges are trying to satisfy their consumer by bettering their services to sustain or increase  demand. Though the previous reasons are factors of the rising tuition, the primary factor of the continuous increase is due to the decrease in government funding toward higher education. Ronald Ehrenberg, the director of the Cornell Higher Education Research Institute and a trustee of the State University of New York System, explains that â€Å"If you’re a state legislator, you look at all your state’s programs and you say, ‘Well, we can’t make prisoners pay, but we can make college students pay (Rampell 10).’† This particular reasoning clarifies the thought process that led to the decrease in funding colleges receive from the government. The basis of the issue stems from the fact that these institutions of higher learning now have to come out of pocket on expenses that the government used to fund. In 2006, â€Å"the per-student subsidy state taxpayers sent colleges† was $1,270 less than the amount sent in 2002 (Clark 4). That is a significant decrease in funding that colleges had to find a way to make up for, which resulted in raising the tuition cost. When interviewing Dr. Robinson, he also explained that at one point professors salaries were paid completely by taxes, but because of cutbacks in government expenses tuition must cover their salaries now. If there was not a decrease in government funding for higher education, colleges would not have to raise tuition to offset financial aid or the implementation of accommodations, which is why it is regarded as the primary reason for the rising tuition. Inflation is a very relevant concept in today’s society because prices of all types are rising. As previously stated, college tuition costs are increasing at the highest rate compared to any consumer item, gas, and medical care. This is quite ironic because most people equate obtaining a college degree to financial stability. Even so, the explanation for this steady increase in tuition is a very popular topic. On a very simple scale the rise in tuition can be explained by the basic economic principle that explains demand increases prices. However, the explanation goes much deeper than this economic principle to include the structure of the financial aid system, additional accommodations offered by colleges, and most of all the decrease in government funding toward higher education. Nothing in life ever truly comes free, which shows to be true when observing how the structure of the financial aid system contributes to the rise in tuition. The same  concept proves to be true as colleges provide additional accommodations or benefits for their students and employees, but these too come at a cost. Even so, there is a large amount of money no longer available to these institutions of higher learning due to the lack of government funding. In order for these institutions to sustain, the money must come from somewhere, which results in the increase in tuition and fees for the students. It is important to understand these causes of the rising college tuition because this is the only way a solution will be reached. Works Cited Clark, Kim. â€Å"The Surprising Causes of Those College Tuition Hikes.† Usnews.com. U.S.News World Report, 15 Jan. 2009. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Scott-Clayton, Judith. â€Å"The Hidden Majority of For-Profit Colleges.† New York Times. New York Times, 24 Feb. 2012. Web. 5 March 2013. Martin, Robert. â€Å"Why Tuition Costs Are Rising So Quickly.† Challenge 45.4 (2002):88- 108. Jstor. Web. 1 March 2013. Rampell, Catherine. â€Å"Why Tuition Has Skyrocketed at State Schools.† New York Times. New York Times, 2 March 2012. Web. 3 March 2013. Robinson, Joshua. Personal interview. 4 Feb. 2013. Schworm, Peter. â€Å"Colleges Boosting Financial Aid to Students.† Boston.com. The Boston Globe, 17 August 2012. Web. 5 March 2013.

Responsibilities of the Graduate Nurse

Responsibilities of the Graduate Nurse Privacy and confidentiality are important aspects of the nursing profession. It is important for the Graduate Nurse to understand and respect the need for patient confidentiality. As healthcare professionals, the nurse’s connection to their patients and colleagues depends on it. Nurses have the ethical responsibility to safeguard the information they obtain whilst caring for a patient. When patients entrust their healthcare and personal information to a nurse, they expect it to be kept confidential (Erickson Millar 2005, p. 1). In most situations, nurses must keep information given to them by patients confidential. However, they are required to report information they receive if they have serious concerns about the clients or someone else’s safety. It is also important to realise that confidentiality is not to be broken unless it is absolutely necessary. It is not something that nurses take lightly. They want to do what is best for the patient and a decision to break confidentiality only happens after a lot of thought, and should be done in consultation with the relevant supervisor. The nurse should only tell those who absolutely need to know, and this is usually a very small number of professional or relevant authorised people. In all areas of healthcare there will be many personal things that as a nurse we will learn about the people that they care for. A nurse will be privy to information regarding a person health, family, social history, personal needs and financial affairs. All of this information is to be regarded as confidential unless consent for the disclosure of such information is given by the patient or as stated earlier the nurse deems that there is a danger to the individual or to someone else. Nurses are only permitted to talk about these things at our workplace with other healthcare professionals who care for the same patient. It is also important to note that when nurses talk about a patients personal details that it is done in a respectful way. All individuals have the right to have their details and personal information kept private. There are laws in Australia which state what nurses can and cannot do with confidential information. Discussing confidential information of a patient in your care to other people outside of the workplace may lead to legal action. When a nurse discloses personal information about their patient they are breaking their duty of care to that patient. Confidentiality is seen as an obligation to the provider of information whereas privacy is an obligation to the source of the information. Confidentiality and privacy require that all parties must ensure that information is restricted to those who genuinely need to know, and that those people should only be told as much as they need to know and no more. For example, a healthcare professional may need to know of the medical condition so that they can provide advice, but not of the identities of the patients involved. Every person has the right to equal recognition and protection before the law. Everyone is entitled to equal and effective protection against discrimination, and to enjoy human rights without discrimination. This applies regardless of a person’s age, gender, race, disability, religion, marital status and a range of other personal characteristics. Scenario- An emergency medicine technician (EMT) responded to an emergency call regarding a possible overdose. On arrival, the patient was found unresponsive and transported to the hospital. The EMT later told a friend that she had helped transport the patient to the hospital for treatment of a possible overdose. The EMT’s friend told another nurse about the medical treatment. The EMT then learned that her friend worked with the patient (a nurse at the other hospital). The patient claimed that the EMT had defamed her and violated her privacy by publicizing information regarding her medical condition and making untrue statements including that she had attempted suicide. The patient was awarded $3,000 in compensatory damages and more than $30,000 in legal fees. Casual sharing of personal and health information regarding a nurse is a failure to respect them as a person. Nurses value the keeping of confidential information between friends, colleagues and other authorised individuals. All nurses should expect that our relationships with one another will allow us to trust that particular private information will not be exposed. Exposure of confidential information can lead to low self-esteem if made public. Everyone has secrets that they don’t want to be made public. Nurses need the benefit of confidentiality when seeking health advice or assistance. In order to support confidentiality of nurses private information, there needs to be respect for an individual’s autonomy and their right to privacy, the promise of information remaining confidential and the benefit that the security of confidentially offers us. Graduate nurses have the right to work in an environment that supports and facilitates ethical practice in accordance with the Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia (2008) and its interpretive statements. One provision of the code is ‘nurse’s value to management of information’. This statement refers to the management and communication of health information. Graduate nurses are entitled to the same moral, professional and legal safeguards as any other person in regards to their personal information. Personal information is any identifying information about a person that is verbal, written or electronic form. This information can relate to physical or mental health, including family health history. (McGowan 2012, p. 61). Factors that may influence confidential and private communication: Communication is the transfer of information between or among people. The practice of nursing utilizes constant communication between the nurse and the patient, the patient’s family, the nurse’s co-workers, supervisors, and many others. Professional relationships Graduate Nurses are required to care for and safeguard the public. They must practice autonomously and be responsible and accountable for safe, compassionate, person-centred, evidenced-based nursing that respects and maintains dignity and human rights. They must show professionalism and integrity and work within recognised professional, ethical and legal frameworks. They must work alongside other healthcare professionals, carers and families including the community. All nurses must use excellent communication and interpersonal skills. Their communication must always be safe, effective, compassionate and respectful. They must communicate effectively using a wide range of strategies and interventions including communication technologies. All nurses must practice autonomously, compassionately, skilfully and safely and must maintain dignity and promote health and wellbeing. They must assess and meet the full range of essential physical and mental health needs of people of all aged who co me into their care. Self-disclosure In nursing there are many boundaries that one must not cross. Self-disclosure is the easiest and most often crossed by nurses today. Self-disclosure refers to the nurse sharing personal information, experiences, feelings, ideas, thoughts and views with their patient. It can be comforting to the patient because it shows that the nurse has an understanding of the patient’s current situation and reinforces that their experience is not unique. Self-disclosure should only be used if it is deemed as helpful to the patient, aimed to benefit the patient and the focus will not remain on the nurse after self-disclosure has occurred. Self-disclosure can be used to promote and encourage patients to express fears, feelings and experiences. It also shows the patient that the nurse trusts them with personal information, making them feel more comfortable therefore reciprocating that trust. In deliberate self-disclosure the nurse intentionally tells the patient information about themselves. The nurse can tell personal experiences and their personal history or they can intentionally tell their feeling about the patient or the situation. This disclosure gives the patient a glimpse of the nurse’s life and likes. The patient did not ask to see these things; they were the nurse’s decision. Also information that the nurse posts online are another form of deliberate self-disclosure. Scenario- You are the nurse on a surgical unit preparing a woman who is undergoing a mastectomy. She is very upset and says that she feels alone. She is afraid she will no longer be attractive and she may even die. You are the same age as the patient and have also had a mastectomy. You are now healthy and work full time. You remember the challenges you faced when you were diagnoses and wonder if it would be helpful to share your experience with your patient. It is generally not appropriate to disclose personal information to patients. However, after careful consideration it may be appropriate for you to disclose a limited amount of information to the patient. You would firstly acknowledge the patients fears and then explore her grief and focus on her needs. It may then become apparent that it is appropriate to disclose a limited amount of information about your past experiences. The disclosure of personal information provides information, support and hope for the patient. Eg./ in relation to the patient feeling alone, the nurse may refer to a time when she also felt alone. The nurse would then offer information regarding a support group that helped the nurse and other patients in the same situation. Unavoidable self-disclosure is another type of disclosure that a nurse does not have much control over. Pregnancy is something that is disclosed at a certain point, whether the nurse wants to disclose it or not. A physical disability is also hard to hide whether it is a limp or a brace, as these are things that can be seen. A wedding ring or lack of ring show a patient if the nurse may be married. These forms of personal expression are outward expressions that are left to the patient to interpret. Another unavoidable self-disclosure is if a patient sees the nurse at an outside establishment such as a restaurant or the mall. This inadvertent disclosure sheds light on the nurse’s personal life and choices. Accidental self-disclosure occurs when the nurse discloses something by mistake. A nurse’s facial expression or subtle response to a patient is a good example of accidental self-disclosure. Emotions can be hard to control even for the most experienced clinician. Positive uses of nurse self-disclosure occur when the nurse uses the disclosure therapeutically. Always think about what you are going to use therapeutically and use good judgment at all times. A nurse talking about healthy lifestyle habits such as diet and exercise that has worked for them is a positive disclosure. The negatives of nurse self-disclosure is the fact that there is too much self-disclosure by the nurse. Therefore the roles can feel reversed and the patient can feel like they must comfort them. Nurse self-disclosure shows the patient and their family that the nurse is unable act in a professional way. Professional boundaries One thing that most nurses encounter daily is a patient asking them a personal question. Whether it is curiosity or uncomfortable silence, patients ask questions. Many nurses find it hard to redirect or reflect these questions, and end up answering them, especially if it is just casual conversation. Nurses need to practice situations like this so they know how to give a patient centered answer. It is the nurses duty and in the patients best interest to divert all conversation to the patient for a successful nurse patient relationship. Patients often ask these harmless questions not realizing that it is not in the best interest for them. Sometimes not answering the questions might make the nurse seem evasive and closed off. Nurses need to practice so their answers to the questions do not offend the patient that is making casual conversation Confidentiality When thinking about privacy and confidentially, it is important that the nurse questions themselves â€Å"what would I want if it was my personal and health information?’ Scenarios One of your nurse colleagues is expecting and its been decided that you will organize the baby shower. Not having access to co-workers addresses, you only look in the demographics portion of the electronic medical record to obtain this information. You do not look at any clinical information. Would this be OK? Answer: No, even demographic (address, phone number, etc) information is considered protected health information under the privacy regulations and should not be accessed without approval of the patient. You have a very good friend who is a nurse practitioner and is away from the hospital on vacation. While she is out, her breast biopsy results come back. Because she had told you she was having this procedure, you felt it would be the right thing to do out of concern to look up her results and call her with this information. Is this appropriate? Answer: No, just because a colleague chooses to disclose certain portions of her health information with you, it does not mean you have the right to continue and follow up on any related results or findings.

Brave New World: Hypnopaedic Slogans :: essays research papers

Sleep teaching and mind control: hypnotism techniques used for manipulation and power over the individual. Hypnotism is not widely promoted in our society as formal education; yet, it lingers on the horizon. In Huxley's Brave New World, hypnopaedia is used to promote economic stability and control emotions of the inhabitants living in England. The economy-oriented society relies on hypnopaedia to keep consumers eager to spend by them with catchy, consume-driven phrases. For example, one slogan tells people that they "do love flying. [They] . . .do love flying" (33). A resident of London likes being high, using helicopters for all transportation, and the feeling of being safe in an indestructible machine. The gas-guzzling machines cost enormous amounts of money to keep fueled, and so the gasoline market goes up. In addition, the people believe that "ending is better than mending" (35). One is taught to do away with items instead of trying to fix them. Society encourages purchasing new, always buying more and more so as to boost the economy. Furthermore, children are taught that "the more stitches the less riches" (33). Stitching and other repairing of any kind are frowned upon, because it does not cost anything, rather, it saves money. The more one attempts to mend and keep rather than throw aw ay, the less money in circulation throughout the country and thus, the economy suffers. The prosperity of this money cycle is valued highly, and so these three jingles are sleep-taught to all. Hypnopaedic slogans focus also on encouraging emotionless bliss. For example, Lenina often says "a gramme is better than a damn" (37). Society teaches one to take a gram of soma, the drug with no after affect, to get rid of problems or worries. When people choose soma instead of dealing with problems, it promotes emotional stability throughout the nation. In addition, people learn that "one cubic centimeter cures ten gloomy sentiments"(60). One is supposed to take soma instead of feeling bad or upset about anything, which can distract the mind from other, more important matters. Instability in the workplace occurs when one has emotional stress that can take away from the quality and quantity of the work done. Furthermore, people ramble off that "was and will make me ill. I take a gramme and only am" (29). It is taught that the past and future do not matter, focusing only on the present is the correct way to be.

Capital Punishment Essay -- Death Penalty

Capital Punishment The definition of capital punishment is the legal punishment of death for violating criminal law. The person who gets capital punishment is the ones who committed serious crimes. Methods of capital punishment throughout the world are by stoning, beheading, hanging, electrocution, lethal injection and shooting. The two most common methods capital punishment use in the United States are lethal injection and electrocution. The lethal injection is the most used form of capital punishment. It’s an intravenous shot that kills the criminal quick and painless. When capital punishment is done by electrocution the criminal is strapped to a chair that a volts of electricity is pass through. In America if all people agree with capital punishment there will be less crimes. Capital punishment is different in each state, so depending on what state a crime is committed there’s different punishments for committing serious crime. To deter and reduce serious crimes all states need to have the same laws. Crimes can only be reduced or deterred by making people frightened of being arrested, convicted, and punish for crimes the commit. When a person commits a serious crime, which causes another life to be lost, they should have their right to live taken. If there was a standard law in which capital punishment was permitted in all fifty states, serious crimes will be reduce. When people already know that if they will be executed for taking another life, people will think...

Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales: Exploring Injustice in the Knights Tale E

In "The Ending of 'Troilus,'" E. Talbot Donaldson writes in response to the conclusion of the "Knight’s Tale," one of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, "What it does suggest†¦is that Providence is not working justly." Though Donaldson correctly points out the fact that the "Knight’s Tale" ends in injustice, he confuses the role of sin in the injustice with the role of God. He asserts that God is to blame for the injustice in the "Knight's Tale" rather than exploring the role of human sinfulness. The Knight, an honorable, generous, courteous, and noble member of a party of twenty-nine people on a pilgrimage to the English town of Canterbury during the Middle Ages, tells his tale as part of a storytelling contest the pilgrims’ host holds. The "Knight’s Tale" takes place in Ancient Greece and relates the story of Arcite and Palamon, two cousins who risk their lives to win the love of Emily, Duke Theseus' beautiful sister-in-law. Originally, Arcite and Palamon come from Thebes, a rival of Athens, but Theseus captures and imprisons them during a war. During their incarceration, the cousins notice Emily. Her beauty causes pain in their hearts, as their detention prevents them from roaming about and getting to know fair Emily. Arcite explains, "The freshness of her beauty strikes me dead" (Coghill 49). The cousins’ obsession with Emily’s beauty, which they incorrectly describe as love, leads the two to go to battle against one another to determine which of them will gain the privilege of marrying this woman who "fairer was of mien/Than is the lily on its stalk of green" (Coghill 47). Though Arcite wins the battle, his horse gets spooked and he falls off and dies, thus transferring the right to marry Emily to Palamon, who lives happily ever... ...y situation that will ever occur. Humans cannot know God’s reasons for the way things turn out. People must trust Him to do what’s right. Donaldson’s entire argument revolves around the false expectation that, since God loves the world, nothing bad should happen and He should always deal out justice. Though Donaldson correctly realizes that prayers are not always answered and justice is not always carried forth, he blames the conclusion on God, rather than where it is actually due – on sin in the world. Works Cited Bible (King James Version). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B Eerdman's Publishing Co., 2003. Coghill, Nevill. Introduction. The Canterbury Tales. By Geoffrey Chaucer. Trans. Coghill. London: Penguin, 2000. Donaldson, E. Talbot, â€Å"The Ending of ‘Troilus’,† Chaucer’s Troilus: Essays in Criticism ed. Stephen A. Barney Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1980

Analyze Curriculum Foundations Essay

Choose one of the four foundations of curriculum (philosophical, historical, psychological, or social), and contrast its importance with the other three foundations. How does your selected foundation apply to your place of work/study? Charles Darwin; the father of speciation, stated in his book â€Å"On the Origin of Species† that the intelligence of mankind is merely the result of higher evolution. This theory is now being challenged by Marc Hauser, who is currently the director of cognitive evolution at Harvard University. In a recent article published in Scientific American, Hauser stated that humans possess four abilities that are not found in other species which are the essence of humaningueness. Those abilities are Generative Computation (the ability to generate limitless words and concepts), Promiscuous Combinations of ideas (the ability to merge different domains of knowledge), Mental Symbols (ways to encode sensory experiences), and Abstract Thought (the comprehension of things beyond what we can see). Each of these abilities are directly influenced by philosophical attributes, historical experiences, psychological behaviors, and social impacts (Wolchover). The purpose of this research is to examine and compare the importance of these influences in our educational system. Society has always been the driving force behind persuading Individuals behavior. When talking about curriculum it is the social factors of family, peers, idols, and teachers that possess the greatest ability of manipulating our young people today. The family will infuse its beliefs or morals onto its members. For example; if the parents of a family are uneducated and working low income jobs, education may not be their primary concern. Instead their interest may shift to basic needs, such as bringing more income into the house as soon as possible. That usually reflects a negative outlook on education. In turn the student will be unable to receive adequate help form their parents on school work. In hindsight; if both parents are highly educated, they will place greater infuses on academics. Their expectation in their children’s education becomes much higher. Peers and Idols have a hypnotic like hold on our young people and harness the power to undermine even the most stable of families. The desire to be accepted can be overwhelming to most. Some teenagers turn to idolizing rappers, TV stars, or sport figures in hopes of being recognized. The artist that are choosing; usually defies the law and express little to no morals towards women, society, and puts no value on education. We can see this today in our young people, with the sagging paints, rebelling attitudes, belittling female, fathering multiple children from as many women as possible and leaving the mothers to take care of the children. This type of behavior has become very desirable. There is no doubt that society has a hold on forming the behavior of our young people, but it is the psychological need to bradding or concepts of life. This concept may go by many names such as self-actualization or individuation. No matter what you call it, it is a natural drive within the human psychic to behave in a manner that is coherent to one self. Educational Psychology focuses on how children learn. A lot of research has gone into this field of study. It tries to answer questions like how effective is intervention, how should a room be set up for opium learning, how should lessons be taught, and how students learn and develop overall. As you can see this this discipline is concerned with the mindset of the students; what they are feeling, how they see or perceive situations. This is an attempt to put the students at ease by feeling safe and understood. To succeed this field of study must incorporate the social factors of the students in that area. Without understanding their social needs or wants any efforts are predetermined to fail. Philosophy on the other hand applies the directions for teachers to follow. It tells parents and students how teacher or school intends to treat them. The schools philosophy might instruct teachers on how to give a lesson or what order to teach their subjects. An example of this might insist that each student must make a passing grade before the teacher is allowed to advance the class to another topic or tell a biology teacher that he or she will have to teach cell functions before teaching Mendel’s genetics. The Schools philosophy statement might read something like this; our school believes that all students are unique individuals that deserve a safe secure place that will nurture them emotionally as well as intellectually. Provide a place that would escalate their potential to new highs and promote respect towards family, school and society, but a teachers philosophy would be more geared for his or her room. Over all the philosophy in curriculum provides guidance, a way of doing things, and opinions on how students should be treated. This type of discipline requires the knowledge of the communities believes, economic status, and the desires of the parents for their children. Like psychological behaviors; it has to take in account the social attributes of its population. Around the nineteenth century public schools were set up to promote reading, writing, and arithmetic. These were the skills needed to hold a job. Subjects like biology, civics, world history or health were unimportant to the public schools and was reserved for private schools whose students were being groomed for universities. The welfare of the student’s character or moral values where of no concern to the schools at this time. Only recently have the schools shifted to developing the entire student’s well-being. Focusing more on what it takes to produce a well-round individual which has the ability to rationalize complex situations and develop into a productive member of society. This is achieved by teaching all core subjects not ju st a select few. To succeed the schools have to put real-world applications to old-world disciplines. Today all public schools would like to see every student attend some kind of institute for higher learning. Today’s institutes of learning will incorporate psychology (a natural drive within the human psychic to behave in a manner that is coherent to one self, set up parameters for teachers curriculum), Philosophy (tells parents and students how teacher or school intends to treat them and what they are willing to provide), historical ( brought about the intergrading of core classes, set a pace on when a student is ready to advance to more complex subjects), and they have to take into consideration the social influences of the families, peers, as well as the community if they are to form a working curriculum. The curriculum should be an organized process that promotes a more student centered approach to learning, by directing the course of study in such a manner that it challenges the student at a constant upgrade in levels of difficulty which allows the student to comprehend a nd utilize pass lessons or experiences and promote individualization within the society. I have been teaching middle school biology for eight years now and we have to follow certain guidelines that make up our curriculum. It all starts with the entrance of the room. It must be inviting and shouts out come see. Once in the room they have to feel safe and comfortable. This room has to become their safe haven, where all the pressures of home and peers become nonexistence. I have to develop all aspects of the student’s life. Not only does this involve the core classes, but it could involve maturity levels, self-confidence, behavior problems, and social interactions. The class subject has to be taught according to the State of Alabama’s Board of Education. I am given a set of standards each year and must cover each one to mastery. My lessons have to meet every students learning style, and treat every student as an individual with different needs and goals. Every lesson has to have three parts a beginning (this must capture the students interest and be a prelude to that days topic), during (this is the meat and potatoes of the lesson, this could range from reading text to given lectures and everything in between. In this section of the lesson the objectives for that day must be met), and finally the after part of the lesson ( this is where the students have to show me that they were able to comprehend that days objectives and it gives me a chance to analyze my delivery of the subject matter). Before the curriculum can have any effect on the students I have to get to know them. I need to understand how they live and what they want out of life. This will allow me to teach in a manner that relates to them. It will give my lessons value and a means to an end. As you can tell all the disciplines are incorporated into every lesson. For this system to work all teachers have to look beyond the course of study and take more interest into the stu dents. References Natalie Wolchover, Life’s Little Mysteries Staff Writer (What Distinguishes Humans from Other Animals?) 03 July 2011 Time: 09:21 AM ET

Juvenile Justice: Incarceration vs. Intervention Essay

plumeThe national app atomic number 18nt motion towards getting stout on teen detestation by demasculinizeing the unseas singled person nicety musical arrangement to to a greater extent closely mirror the handsome re master(prenominal)s was examined in post to specify whether control trade union movement of new mop upenders is as impelling as connexion- effectuate rehabilitative and interposition chopines for these offspring. Politicians and public perceptions have bothowed the upstart jurist placement to evolve from one of refine based thinking to one of penalization based thinking, placing much childly offenders in infrangible facilities than ever in advance. The social repercussions of see to it trade union movement of lates, without the use of suit qualified rehabilitative tools, including education and keep-building skills, be evident as callowness be existence dictated aside instead than being promote to buy the farm productive members of their communities.Not a day goes by where our national media doesnt report on stories involving heinous and abominable acts committed by upstarts in the joined States. jejune delinquency is a occurrence of life ranging from minor status offenses to unimaginable acts of violence. When dealing with girlish offenders, at that place be always difficult decisions to make forebodinging subdue penaltys that take both public gum elastic and the needs of the insipid into account. In reaction to a recognizable improver in spring chicken crime, getting tough on fresh delinquency and holding newfangled offenders more responsible has been the national trend in the past cardinal decades(Brinks, 2004). m whatsoever a nonher(prenominal) argue that removing teens from the environment in which their crimes were committed is the most victorful deterrent of future negative behavior. But what does secure take offuriency provide these troubled lates aside from closi ng off from the negative influences they whitethorn be subjected to on the outside? Should boyish offenders be incarcerated for their crimes as they would be as bads, or is it workable to rehabilitate a teenage ramshackle without the use of handgrip or imprisonment? Of course, insubstantial offenders must be held accountable for their offenses it is an essential element in the raw(a) process of learning and maturation.However, the immaturity that is seen in children and adolescents is an indicator that these behaviors go out not be come up deterred by harsh retaliatory action, but rather be break in served by rehabilitative attempts. The fact that young offenders tend to outgrow their nonconformity is evening more of a reason to moot that a castigatory onset to these juveniles will not be triumphful in range deterrent or rehabilitative goals (Young & Gainsborough, 2000). Because of these matters, comp either course of instructions and intense intervention ar mo re useful than secure working class when it comes to juvenile delinquency replacement. In order to search the goodness of discourse and intervention versus incarceration of juveniles, it is helpful to look at the cowcatcher intentions of the juvenile judge system and how the system has since evolved. The question of replenishment versus incarceration of juvenile delinquents came to a head in the easy 1800s, resulting in the creation of the first juvenile motor lodge system in the coupled States. Prior to this time, institutionalized children were held on with adults, and no efforts were being made to teach them the necessity skills they required to make positive contributions to society. afterwards centuries of treating very young children as property, and those all over the age of five or half dozen as simply little adults when it came to illegal misconduct, it was finally recognized, and widely accepted, that the develop kind differences amongst juveniles and a dults provided an increase opportunity for the favored replenishment of juveniles outside of secure proletariat. The archaeozoic historic period of the juvenile jurist system pore on recovering the lives of the juvenile offenders before they were completely immersed in a life of wretched activity. The states took on the role of p bents or p arns patriae (state as guardian) and undertook thep arnting responsibility until the juveniles showed improved behaviors, or became adults. youngs were no longer tried as adult offenders, and illuminate houses, rather than prisons, were apply to emphasize behavior reform rather than punishment (Brinks, 2004). The juvenile jurist systems centering on reform continued throughout much of the twentieth century.Changes began emerging in the juvenile hook system in the mid 1900s. During this time, the main objective of juvenile justice remained center on reformation rather than iniquitous punishment, however, principles which were not p reviously in place, were being established by the Supreme Court, requiring juvenile courts to guarantee specific constitutional protections to young offenders. These protections included the right to be de linageate by an attorney, the right against self-incrimination and the right to observe the testimony against them (Ramsey & Abrams, 2004, p. 42). Although these rights atomic number 18 in line with constitutional rights afforded adults, umteen an(prenominal) within the juvenile justice system were concerned that the courts reformative techniques would be decrease if the same constitutional rights were applied to children as to adults. nicety Potter Stewart expressed concern that the courts decision would substitute a juvenile proceeding into a criminal prosecution ( register of the Statess, 2008). While constitutional rights must straight off be afforded to everyone, this was the first of umteen changes which began to alter the historical intent of the juvenile justice s ystem. Until 1980, other changes in the juvenile justice system seemed to consistently refer backward to the main objective of its creation. The juvenile person immorality cake and Control Act of 1968 advance states to establish programs ge ard towards the prevention and rehabilitation of juvenile delinquency at the friendship level. These programs, once approved, were eligible to tempt national funding. The teen Justice and ungodliness measure Act of 1974 built upon the 1968 act and increased nationwide rehabilitative efforts for juvenile offenders. If states wished to hold funding under this act, they were required to repeal all juveniles within their jurisdictions from secure labor facilities and separate them from convicted adults, building on the cordial picture of writer Morrison Swift who commented on jailing young offenders with adults, young and impressionable offenders were being carried off to Rutland with more hardened men, in that respect to receive an e ducation in law littleness from their experienced associates(Swift, 1911).Despite these steps towards delinquency prevention, or perhaps because of them, public perception towards an increase in juvenile crime in the eighties caused radically different changes to set about to take place within the juvenile justice system. In the past two decades, the U.S. has gravitated towards a get tough approach with juvenile delinquents. In the mid 1980s and early 1990s, the U.S. saw a plunge rise in gaga juvenile crime, a predictable increase in the juvenile population, and many high compose occurrences of youth crime such as public teach shootings in Paducah, KY and aquilegia High School in Littleton, CO. In 1996, Janet Reno, U.S. Attorney General stated, no ceding back of America is safe from increasing levels of criminal violence, including violence committed by and against juveniles (Zavlek, 2005). Americans feared that they were under assault by a generation of adolescent time-bombs and that still the abandonment of soft educational and rehabilitative approaches, in favor of strict and low-spirited discipline a zero security deposit approach could effectively address the issues (Browne, 2003, p. 10). In reaction to these public fears, legislatures resolved to crack-down on juvenile crime, even though by the mid 1990s, juvenile freeze evaluate for violent offenses were as low as they had been 20 years earlier. State and local anaesthetic laws imposing harsher punishments on juvenile offenders were enacted, and in turn, more youth were brought into the court system for longer amounts of time (McCord, Widom & Crowell, 2001). This led to an super double population of young offenders being held, to this day, in secure exertion facilities. plug juvenile grip facilities have snuff it the most accepted form of punishment for youthful offenders. Although there was a 66% increase in the juvenile arrest rate during the late 1980s and early 1990s, from 139 a rrests per 100,000 youth in 1986 to 231 arrests per 100,000 in 1993, there was an even larger, 74% increase in the number of youth throttle in secure facilities during that same period.Furthermore, in 2001, when juvenile crime grade were comparable to the rates in 1980, the number of youth bound in secure juvenile or adult clasp centers was more than iterate the number in 1980 51,000 on any given day in 1980, compared to 104,000 on an average day in 2001. Additionally, disdain the dramatic decline in juvenile arrest rates since 1994, more than 44%, there has not been a mate decline in youth confinement, which has stayed comparatively constantsince 1995 (Sickmund, 2002). This increased reliance on secure detention accommodations brings with it several concerns regarding the drink juvenile justice vex of confinement. after(prenominal) looking at the apparent trends in the fall in States in regards to juvenile crime rates and a propensity towards harsher punishments patrona ge a seeming decrease in juvenile delinquency, there are concerns which tog out out of the adult adjudication and incarceration of our youth. genus Melissa Sickmund claims that one of the largest concerns about secure detention and confinement of juveniles is overcrowding of facilities. She estimates that 39% of juvenile detention facilities are housing more residents than they are meant to accommodate, creating dangerous situations for management, and hindering opportunities for treatment and rehabilitation (Sickmund, 2002). Overcrowding of facilities presents many challenges for administrators, potential rehabilitators, and the trammel youth. Opportunities for educational development, such as obtaining a GED, for youth detained for extended periods of time, are extremely limited. Furthermore, mental wellness needs cannot be fitly addressed. It is estimated that between 50 70% of juveniles who are incarcerated have diagnosable mental health issues and up to a quarter of those ma y be suicidal, but access to proper treatment is difficult in move facilities (Wasserman, Ko & McReynolds, 2004). In addition to the physical, educational and mental health needs of confined youth not being successfully met, unproven effectiveness of detention and confinement is another major(ip) concern.Recidivism rates are extremely high for youth confined in correctional units, such as training schools, where up to 70% of flexd youth are rearrested within one or two years after their release (Wiebush et al., 2005). Not only(prenominal) are there substantial concerns for the well-being of juveniles in secure facilities, the cost of operating and continuing to effect these facilities is extraordinary. In the year 2000 alone, at least $10-$15 billion was expended in the United States for juvenile justice, most of which went towards paying confinement expenses (Mendel, 2000). Rather than focus on treatment and teaching skills which will help these juveniles become productive memb ers of society, these facilities create a broad separation from family and conjunction, succeeding only in isolating these youth and making community re-entry difficult (Wiebush et al., 2005). Because of these, and other, issues,positive alternatives to incarceration for young offenders must be made available and used to the fullest extent possible. As is illustrated by the many concerns surrounding the secure confinement of juvenile offenders, its ineffectiveness is apparent, and there are much more advantageous and honest alternatives available to these youth. According to Rolf Loeber and David Farrington, secure confinement should be reserved only for those juveniles who are a likely threat to themselves or public safety, and even then, small, community based facilities are preferable. They contend that The most effective strategy for treating and rehabilitating juvenile offenders and preventing recidivism is a comprehensive, community-based model that integrates prevention programming a continuum of pretrial conference and sentencing placement options, services and sanctions and after upkeep programs (Loeber & Farrington, 1998, p 333).Community-based curricula are affordable alternatives available to a large number of juvenile offenders, which are mean to decrease crowding, cut costs of harboring juvenile detention centers, protect offenders from the negative worry of institutionalization, and help sustain positive relationships between the youth and their families and communities while discouraging association with youth who have similar, or more serious criminal histories. One community-based program which has proven to be very effective as an alternative to secure confinement for juveniles is plaza detention. Home detention requires the offender to remain at home either at all times, at all times when not in school or working, or at night. During home detention, supervisors, normally paraprofessional outreach workers, have much more frequent contact with the youth than handed-down probation officers, but the juveniles are allowed to remain with family in their communities (Ball, Huff & Lilly, 1998, p. 158). High levels of success are reported with home detention programs. Studies conducted in California, Ohio and Alabama have reported an 89-97% success rate with their home detention programs, success being measured by recidivism rates, which were broadly under 8%, compared to up to 70% for those youth being held in secure detention (Austin, Johnson & Weitzer, 2005).In addition to holding children within their communities, community-based treatment and therapy has been pegged as one of the most effective treatments for juvenile delinquency. A goal of community-based treatment is to increase parentalauthority and supervision as well as focus on any school, family or interpersonal needs or potential problems (Cullen & Gendreau, 2000). There are many successful intensive supervision programs (ISPs) of this grapheme acr oss the country. One such program is the San Francisco based handle Diversion advocacy Program (DDAP). adolescents are referred to DDAP by parents, courts, probation officers or other community agencies. Upon referral to the program, DDAP identifies potential problems, and presents a rehabilitative plan to the court. Offenders live at home, and they and their families are provided with needed services by DDAP case workers. A 2007 study of DDAP found that the recidivism rate of juveniles in this program was less than half that of juveniles who were held in detention facilities for at least 3 days (24 percentage versus 60 percent) (Sheldon, 2009). Many reasons were cited for DDAPs success, including smaller caseloads, freedom of the caseworkers from administrative limitations of the juvenile justice system, and the programs emphasis on treatment and educational services along with precise goals to follow the youths progress (Sheldon, 2009). Similar programs are excessively in pl ace for those youth who are unable to return to their homes or families for any reason. Treatment treasure share programs are suitable alternative locations in the community for those children who may not be able to live at home.Treatment protect care programs are unlike traditionalistic sort homes or foster homes in that the foster care families are actively recruited and specially trained to care for only one youth at a time in their home. The training provided to the foster parents stresses behavior management methods in order to provide the youth in their care with structure and a corrective victuals environment. Even after training, daily remain firm is provided by case managers through call back calls and visits. Biological families are also provided family therapy services. random evaluations of these programs have shown that recidivism rates are let down among these participants than in those in traditional gathering homes and secure facilities (Greenwood, 2008). T reatment foster care programs are another example of successful alternatives to juvenile detention. As has been shown in the to a higher place examples, the research that exists in regards to juvenile justice suggests that community-based alternatives to detention and secure confinement of juveniles are at least, and most times more, effective in reducing recidivism rates among youngoffenders, while being significantly bring low in cost to operate. Despite evident decreases in juvenile crime, many jurisdictions are still faced with the problems of overcrowding in their juvenile detention facilities. In addition to the many negative consequences surrounding overcrowding, such as the facilitys inability to maintain safety and security, most youth will simply not benefit from confinement without the use of evidence based programs (Greenwood, 2008). efficaciously dealing with juvenile delinquency involves a myriad of issues ranging from the immaturity of young offenders to the chan ging trends of juvenile crime. When looking at the many possible consequents of both incarceration and flip over forms of punishment, we should be able to draw a better conclusion about what types of punishments or treatments are most effective for this group of offenders. As a community, we must focus on opportunities to mentor and grow the youth of today into productive contributors of tomorrows society. To achieve this, youthful offenders must be embraced, not forgotten.ReferencesAustin, J., Johnson, K. D., & Weitzer, R. U.S. department of Justice, subroutine of new-fangled Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2005). Alternatives to the secure detention and confinement of juvenile offenders. Retrieved from website https//www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/208804.pdf Ball, R., Huff, C., and Lilly, J. 1988. House occlusion and Correctional form _or_ system of government Doing time at home. Beverly Hills, CA Sage Publications.Brinks, D. O. (2004, Jan). Immaturity, normative compet ence, and juvenile transfer How (not) to punish minors for major crimes. Retrieved from http//philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/dbrink/pdf articles/Immaturity, Normative Competence, and Juvenile Transfer.pdf Browne, J.A. 2003. DERAILED The schooltime to jailhouse track. Washington, DCAdvancement Project.Cullen, F., and Gendreau, P. 2000. Assessing correctional rehabilitation Policy, practice, and prospects in Criminal Justice, vol. 3, alter by J. Horney. 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