Job Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Application - Essay Example I really understand that it is very important to me, so I try to do my best. I learn more about the job and its features, I talk to skillful people who do it inside of their comfort zones, and I do many efforts to fulfill it well. So, I increase my comfort zone! I try to motivate myself to improve the results of my work. I picture in my mind the successful situation which helps me achieve my aim and increase my comfort zone. I need to realize good results and to do my best to get it. So, my ideas become real, and that is the way how to operate outside of my comfort zone. 2. What is a real success Success is a condition of a person who has achieved everything that he planned in his professional and private life. Successful person operates in his comfort zone and achieves very high results inside and outside of it. The most eloquent example of my success is my work achievement, my success at the place of my job. What did I take to achieve it First, I have a good education and high professional skills which let me do my best in my job and achieve high results in it. Second, I have a real picture in my mind of my professional career, and I try to follow this picture. When I have some problems with my work, I realize that my comfort zone should be increased, so I do it and achieve high professional results.

Classification of Milk Essay Example for Free

Classification of Milk Essay Milk is important for both children and adults because it is a source of minerals, calcium, protein and phosphorus. Currently, there are different kinds of milk products in the market. Here are some types of milk based on the manufacturing process: -UHT Liquid Milk UHT is stands for Ultra High Temperature Processing or Ultra Heat Treatment. It is a way to sterilize food through to high heat process about 24 seconds at 135-140 degrees Celsius which the spores of milk is destroyed completely in that temperature. The high temperature pasteurization processes was first discovered in the 1960s by used with the milk know as UHT milk. UHT milk can be stored at room temperature for 6-10 months compared with pasteurized milk. UHT milk free of preservatives because the package is made in six layers to keep the milk remains in a sterile condition within a specified period without other chemicals. -Milk Pasteurization Pasteurized milk is raw milk that passed through the heat of not less than 60 Celsius for at least 30 minutes or uses the heat of not less than 73 degrees Celsius for 15 seconds. Pasteurized milk is only lasted for 14 days if not stored in the refrigerator with a temperature of 5-7 degrees Celsius. Pasteurized milk has fresh taste and features as the natural milk. -Milk Sterilization The milk will be sterilized by high heat at 120 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes and caused the whole bacteria die but the spores will still be growing. The sterilized milk is not suitable for children because some nutrients like Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2 and Vitamin C disappear during the heating process. The sterilized milk is usually packed in sealed metal cans so it can be kept up to 1-2 years and should be stored in the refrigerator after you open it to maintain the quality of milk. -Sweetened Condensed Milk 80 degrees Celsius warming conducted over three hours. It is condensed milk from which water has been removed and to which sugar has been added. It can last for year without refrigeration if unopened. Sweetened Condensed Milk is used for cooking rather than drinking. And it contains very high sugar so it should not to use to feed the baby. -Milk Powder It is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating milk to dryness with a spray dryer or roller dryer is 200 degrees Celsius for two hours. The purpose of drying milk is to preserve it. It can be kept longer than the liquid milk and does not need to be refrigerated. Milk has been one of the most widely consumed foods since a long time. However, it may not be benefiting us much, or may even be harming us. This paper of the advantages and disadvantages of milk can help you decide what kind of milk is the best for yourself and your family. Reference Admin (JUNE 6, 2011),Various Types of Milk : Based on The Manufacturing Process. Retrieved November,17 ,2011 from http://gorgeoushealthyme. com/various-types-of-milk-based-on-the-manufacturing-process/.

A Comparison of Realism in Uncle Vanya and A Dolls House Essay example

Realism in Uncle Vanya and A Doll's House      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A play serves as the author's tool for critiquing society. One rarely encounters the ability to transcend accepted social beliefs. These plays reflect controversial issues that the audience can relate to because they interact in the same situations every day. As late nineteenth century playwrights point out the flaws of mankind they also provide an answer to the controversy. Unknowingly the hero or heroine solves the problem at the end of the play and indirectly sends a message to the audience on how to solve their own problem.    Henrik Ibsen and Anton Chekov both provide unique analysis on issues their culture never thought as wrong. In the play A Doll's House Ibsen tackles women's rights as a matter of importance being neglected. In his play he acknowledges the fact that in nineteenth century European life the role of the women was to stay home, raise the children, and attend to her husband. Chekov illustrates the role of a dysfunctional family and how its members are effected. Both of the aforementioned problems are solved through the playwrights' recommendations and the actions of the characters. In the plays A Doll's House and Uncle Vanya the authors use realism to present a problem and solution to controversial societal issues.    While both plays mainly concentrate on the negative aspects of culture, there are positive facets explored by the playwrights. In A Doll's House Henrik Ibsen focuses on the lack of power and authority given to women, but through Nora we also see the strength and willpower masked by her husband Torvald. To save her husband's life Nora secretly forges her father's signature and receives a loan to finance a trip to the sea. Nora's ... .... Chekhov short plays London:Oxford UP,1969    Durbach, Errol. A Doll's House: Ibsen's Myth of Transformation. Boston: Twayne, 1991.    Chamberlain, John S. Ibsen: The Open Vision. 1982.    Hahn, Beverly. Chekhov : a study of the major stories and plays. Cambridge : Cambridge University, 1977.       Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll House (1879). Trans. Rolf Fjelde. Rpt. in Michael Meyer, ed. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. 5th edition. Boston & New York: Bedford/St. Martin's Press, 1999. 1564-1612.    Jackson, Robert Louis. Chekhov : a collection of critical essays. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice, 1976    Peace, Richard Arthur. Chekhov : a study of the four major plays. New Haven : Yale University Press, 1983    Templeton, Joan. "The Doll House Backlash: Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen." PMLA (January 1989): 28-40.   

The NCLB Act Essay -- essays papers

The NCLB Act History The NCLB Act was created from initiatives originally introduced in the Elementary and Secondary School Act. The Elementary and Secondary School Act designed by then Commissioner of Education Francis Keppel and was passed on April 9, 1965. This was less than three months after the bill was first introduced. President Lyndon B. Johnson launched the 'War on Poverty' this being the most important educational component of the war. (Schugurensky, 2002) Through special funding this act allowed underprivileged and impoverished children a chance to receive education that met up to national standards. The special funding allotted more than 1 billion dollars to low income families to receive education that compared to affluent families. The Head Start program quickly grew out of this Act. In the Head Start program preschoolers received education that would prepare them for the challenges they would face in elementary schools the following year. (Amis, 2001) The ESEA was amended in 1968 to include the needs of children that had limited English speaking ability which eventually became the Bilingual Education Act. The NCLB presents a sweeping overhaul of federal efforts to support elementary and secondary education in the United States. The NCLB Act is built on four pillars, accountability for results, emphasis on doing what works, expanded parental options and expanded local controls and flexibility. (Toolkit, 2003) Standards criteria established by an educational institution to determine levels of student achievement.† (EBSCOhost Thesaurus) Each of these sets of standards may vary slightly state by state. A school that does not meet the criteria laid out by the state for two years running is labeled as n... ...n, L. S. and Owings, W. A. (May 2003) The Politics of Teacher Quality. Volume 84 pp. 687-92 Retrieved: May 1 2004 From: EBSCO Amis, K. (2001). Bush says reading is first. Thomas B. Fordham Foundation. Retrieved: Feb. 16 2004 from: www.edexcellence.net U.S. Department of Education (2004) No child left behind overview. U.S. Department of Education, Retrieved: Feb. 16, 2004 from: www.ed.gov What Works Clearinghouse (2002) Retrieved April 15 2004 from: www.w-w-c.org Schugurensky, D. (2002) History of Education Retrieved: April 22 2004 from: http://fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/~daniel_schugurensky/assignment1/1965elemsec.html (2003) The Elementary and Secondary Education Act in Washington An overview Retrieved: April 22 2004 from: http://www.k12.wa.us/ESEA/ U.S. Department of Education (2003) A Toolkit for Teachers. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office

Madeleine L’Engle’s “A Wrinkle in Time”

Madeleine L’Engle’s â€Å"A Wrinkle in Time† ranks with the best known classic children’s stories. Perhaps a â€Å"Lewis Carroll Shelf Award† and a runner-up position in the â€Å"Hans Christian Andersen Award† would prove this claim.However, all the prestigious awards and the wide readership were not enough to put â€Å"A Wrinkle in Time† in the pedestal of being one of the best works classic children literature.L’Engle’s science fantasy had received a barrage of criticisms from literary critics. The aspect of the story that had received much damage is the story’s ending. Before we go on further with this exploration of â€Å"A Wrinkle in Time†, it is essential to reiterate that the story is categorized as a children’s story—it is intended audience were children.The critics of the novel had approached the narrative in an overly critical fashion that is opposed to the book’s nature of be ing a light and fun read. And because of much overly critical approach, many had failed to appreciate that â€Å"A Wrinkle in Time† is packed with valuable insights that are likely to have a positive effect on young readers.The composition of the story seems to aesthetically decent for its intended audience. The plot was rich in exciting adventures and entertaining elements like aliens and inter-space travels—elements that grab the attention of children.The protagonist of the story was a fourteen-year-old school girl by the name of Meg Murry. Having a child as a protagonist makes it easier for young readers to relate more to the book. Moreover, before all the science fantasy elements were introduced, predicaments that are normal to a child were discussed through the character of Meg.She is considered to be an underachiever and short-tempered by the people around her. These kinds of predicaments, more commonly called peer-pressures, are faced by average children worldwi de.In addition to that, Meg is set to have an adventure of a life with her brother and friend to rescue her father. This kind of adventure would sound very interesting and fun for children readers.The effectiveness of the narrative as a story for children owes much to its uncomplicated language. The language that L’Engle had incorporated in the text was uncomplicated enough for easy absorption for children of reading level.But more notably is that although there was science fantasy elements in the story, L’Engle did not presented those elements a scifi-geeky way. The uncomplicated language can be seen when Mrs. Whatsit was explaining the â€Å"tesseract† to a child like Meg (L’Engle 85).The fact that â€Å"A Wrinkle in Time† a wide readership is arguably already enough to prove its effectiveness. The critics of the novel had made an approach that is considerably unnecessary. They had stripped a children’s story off its very essence. This pap er would stand beside the argument that any overly critical approach to this particular text can be considered an over-reading.The novel was not written for critics, it was for the children’s enjoyment. And because of an overly critical approach, many had failed to appreciate the ending of the story. What makes the ending appreciable is it is rich with insights that are likely to have a positive effect on young minds.For us to have a better vantage point in reviewing the ending, let us divide the ending into three significant parts: Meg’s final battle with IT, the reunion of the family, and Mrs. Whatsit’s invitation for further adventures.In Meg’s final battle with IT, the children are given the suggestion that they are capable beings. Meg is just an average child defeating an alien disembodied brain. This aspect could boost a child’s confidence towards facing challenges in life.In Meg’s reunion with her family, children are taught how to ca re for others. Her father and other characters were anxiously waiting for Meg’s safe return. This had taught Meg that she is important as person. Just like the protagonist, children readers could also have the same positive realization.Mrs. Whatsit’s invitation for further adventures suggests that after some challenges in life, may it be being an underachiever or getting lost within the continuum of time, better things and more adventures are waiting for us.The optimism that this could instil in the minds of the children would be very useful to them for this will teach them a positive outlook in life. A positive outlook would help the children through challenges in life, especially when they grow and move to adulthood—where scepticism and pessimism are prevalent.The ending should not be tampered with by the readers as changing the ending would violate the concept of authorship. Revising the ending is plain plagiarism and with simple logic, this is L’Engle ’s story—not the reader’s.Although, it is understandable that the readers and critics to have opinions and interpretations. But they should not tamper with a classic of children’s literature that was enjoyed by generations of young readers. What they could do with their opinions and interpretations is to keep those as writing materials. Who knows? They may end up writing a masterpiece for children just like â€Å"A Wrinkle in Time.†Work CitedL'Engle, Madeleine. A Wrinkle in Time. NY: Dell. 1973

Free Essays on Death At An Early Age

In the 1960’s Boston public schools were decaying, and were true, live, horror stories. Every story has a murderer and victims. This particular horror story is not about murder of bodies, but rather murder on the minds. In Jonathan Kozol’s book Death at an Early Age the victims are the students and the murderer is the government. The book is an account of the events that took place while he was working in the Boston public schools. In 1964, Mr. Kozol began teaching 4th grade in one of Boston’s most overcrowded elementary schools. During that year he witnessed how they routinely beat unruly children, and referred to them as â€Å"niggers† and â€Å"animals†. Kozol noticed that some of the children felt so ignored and isolated that they sometimes invited the beatings, preferring the abuse to neglect. The book shows how the Negro schools received less funding than the white schools (275 dollars per each child in the white schools vs. 213 dollars per child in the black schools). (pg.53) This presents a problem for Negro schools because they didn’t have the money for the necessary repairs that they needed to be done in the schools. Also, there wasn’t enough money for new supplies and books. Even though the school was close to 100% African American, they still used textbooks that were somewhat of a put down to the children. The textbook that they were using has a section on Africa, and they describe the black children as children whose skin is so dark that it looks black, with large flat noses, thick lips, and hair that seems like wool. It also speaks about how they were afraid of the first white man who came to explore their land, and how they ran and hid. They called the savage and uncivilized. (pg.69) Maybe this wouldn’t sound that bad id it weren’t in comparison to how they describe the Swiss children in the European section. It says that the Swiss children are handsome, with blue eyes, hair that is golden yellow, white ... Free Essays on Death At An Early Age Free Essays on Death At An Early Age In the 1960’s Boston public schools were decaying, and were true, live, horror stories. Every story has a murderer and victims. This particular horror story is not about murder of bodies, but rather murder on the minds. In Jonathan Kozol’s book Death at an Early Age the victims are the students and the murderer is the government. The book is an account of the events that took place while he was working in the Boston public schools. In 1964, Mr. Kozol began teaching 4th grade in one of Boston’s most overcrowded elementary schools. During that year he witnessed how they routinely beat unruly children, and referred to them as â€Å"niggers† and â€Å"animals†. Kozol noticed that some of the children felt so ignored and isolated that they sometimes invited the beatings, preferring the abuse to neglect. The book shows how the Negro schools received less funding than the white schools (275 dollars per each child in the white schools vs. 213 dollars per child in the black schools). (pg.53) This presents a problem for Negro schools because they didn’t have the money for the necessary repairs that they needed to be done in the schools. Also, there wasn’t enough money for new supplies and books. Even though the school was close to 100% African American, they still used textbooks that were somewhat of a put down to the children. The textbook that they were using has a section on Africa, and they describe the black children as children whose skin is so dark that it looks black, with large flat noses, thick lips, and hair that seems like wool. It also speaks about how they were afraid of the first white man who came to explore their land, and how they ran and hid. They called the savage and uncivilized. (pg.69) Maybe this wouldn’t sound that bad id it weren’t in comparison to how they describe the Swiss children in the European section. It says that the Swiss children are handsome, with blue eyes, hair that is golden yellow, white ...

Definition and Examples of Hyperbaton in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Hyperbaton in Rhetoric Hyperbaton is a  figure of speech that uses disruption or inversion of customary word order to produce a distinctive effect. The term may also refer to a figure in which language takes a sudden turn- usually an interruption. Plural: hyperbata. Adjective: hyperbatonic. Also known as anastrophe, transcensio, transgressio, and tresspasser. Hyperbaton is often used to create emphasis. Brendan McGuigan notes that hyperbaton can tweak the normal order of a sentence to make certain parts stand out or to make the entire sentence jump off the page (Rhetorical Devices, 2007).The grammatical term for hyperbaton is inversion. Etymology From the Greek, passed over, transposed Examples Object there was none. Passion there was none. I loved the old man.(Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart)From Cocoon forth a ButterflyAs Lady from her DoorEmerged- a summer afternoon- Repairing everywhere.(Emily Dickinson, From Cocoon forth a Butterfly)Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall.(Escalus in William Shakespeares Measure for Measure, Act II, scene one)And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made(W. B. Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree)pity this busy monster manunkind not(e.e. cummings)One swallow does not a summer make, nor one fine day.(Aristotle) Types of Hyperbaton One of the most common ways to use hyperbaton is to put an adjective after the noun it modifies, rather than before it. While this might be a normal word order in languages like French, in English it tends to give an air of mystery to a sentence: The forest burned with a fire unquenchable- unquenchable except by the helicopter that finally arrived.Hyperbaton can also put the verb all the way at the end of the sentence, rather than between the subject and the object. So rather than, She wouldnt, for any reason whatsoever, be married to that smelly, foul, unlikable man, you could write, She wouldnt, for any reason whatsoever, to that smelly, foul, unlikable man be married.Not the force hyperbaton carries with it.​(Brendan McGuigan, Rhetorical Devices: A Handbook and Activities for Student Writers. Prestwick House, 2007) Effects of Hyperbaton Most theorists . . . have been content to return to the definition of hyperbaton as an inversion which expresses a violent movement of the soul (Littre).Hyperbaton may well be considered to result from inversion because it is possible to recast the sentence so as to integrate the added segment. But the effect characteristic of hyperbaton derives rather from the kind of spontaneity which imposes the addition of some truth, obvious or private, to a syntactic construction apparently already closed. Hyperbaton always consists in an adjacent assertion . . . . This appears all the more clearly when the grammatical link seems loosest, as in the case of and preceded by a comma. Ex: The arms of the morning are beautiful, and the sea (Saint-Jean Perse, quoted by Daniel Delas, Poà ©tique-pratique, p. 44).​(Bernard Marie Dupriez and Albert W. Halsall, A Dictionary of Literary Devices. University of Toronto Press, 1991) The Lighter Side of Hyperbaton Maddie Hayes: Well, let me remind you Mr. Addison, that one case does not a detective make.David Addison: Well, let me remind you Ms. Hayes, that I hate it when you talk backwards.(Cybill Shepherd and Bruce Willis in Moonlighting, 1985) Pronunciation: high PER ba tun

Which Material Withstand a Fire

Which Material Withstand a Fire Introduction Fire presents one of the greatest threats to property. As such, building design and construction must take into account the wide range of fire safety features.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Which Material Withstand a Fire specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Not only must the interiors and contents of buildings be protected from the dangers of fire; the building site itself must be planned to ensure accessibility of both fire departments and water suppliers. Building plan and construction procedures have changed considerably during the past century (Allen and Iano 12). A century ago, design techniques and materials, such as structural steel, reinforced concrete, and slab construction, was unknown and unimagined. In that era, major fires were common occurrences in cities. Due to combustible construction and poor city planning, whole cities were often destroyed by fire. As a result of those disaster s, increased attention was given to fire safety in building design. This paper examines the building materials that can withstand fire. Fire safety in buildings through design Before a building designer can make effective decisions relating to fire safety design, the needs of the client regarding the function of the building and the general and unique conditions that are to be incorporated into the building must be clearly identified. Decisions regarding the fire safety design and construction of the building should be made in the following areas: life safety; property protection; and continuity of operations (Association of Fire Chiefs International 12). These objectives describe the degree to which the building should protect its occupants, property contents, continuity of operations, and neighbors. The objectives should be quantified wherever possible, rather than stated in broad or general terms. Design considerations for life safety must address the question of who the occupant s of the house are and what they will be doing most of the time. The identification of a specific function patterns and constraints is vital in designing fire protection features that recognize occupant conditions and activities (Allen and Iano 15). There is an important question to be asked about the design of buildings with regard to protection of property. The requirements with regard to protection of property within a building are often fairly easy to identify. Materials of high value that are particularly susceptible to fire and or smoke can usually be identified in advance of building design. For instance, vital records that cannot be replaced easily or quickly can be identified in advance as needing special fire protection design considerations (Allen and Iano 19).Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Continuity of operations, the third major area of b uilding design decision-making, must take into consideration those functions conducted in a building that are vital to continuing operation, and that cannot be transferred to another location (Association of Fire Chiefs International 38). In this regard, the owner must identify for the designer the amount of time an operation can be suspended without completely suspending total operations. Indirect loss or loss of business income must be considered as a part of this downtime. The degree of protection required in fire-safe building design varies with the number and scope of operations that are nontransferable (National Fire Protection Association 44). When the designer and owner either consciously or unconsciously overlook or ignore the possibility of fire in the building to be constructed, the building and its occupants are endangered (Allen and Iano 28). The broad approach to the fire-safe design of a building requires a clear understanding of the building’s function, the nu mber and kinds of people who will be using it, and the kinds of things they will be doing. In addition, appropriate construction and protection features must be provided for the protection of the contents and, particularly for mercantile and industrial buildings, to ensure the continuity of operations if a fire should occur (Domone 35). The fire-safety of a building will depend first on what is done to prevent a fire from staring in the building, and second on what is done through design, construction, and management to minimize the spread of fire if and when it happens. Good housekeeping is perhaps the major factor in both fire prevention and control (Allen and Iano 48). Keeping the fuel load down only lessens the amount of material that can be ignited, but provides less material that can be consumed if a fire breaks out. Once a fire has started, its spread will depend on the design of the building, materials used in construction, building furnishings and contents, methods of venti lation, and fire suppression systems, if any (National Fire Protection Association 59). These elements are within the decision-making authority of various members of the design team, based on the assumption that their fire-safety objectives are clearly defined by management, the owners, and other responsible partners, both from the private and public sectors.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Which Material Withstand a Fire specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The design and construction elements should be organized in a manner that can give a quick overview of the major aspects that must be considered for fire-safety. They should also show features that include both active and passive design and construction considerations (Association of Fire Chiefs International 62). Two major categories of decisions should be made early in the design process of a building in order to provide effective fire-safe design. Early considerations should be given to both the interior building functions and exterior site planning. Building fire defenses, both active and passive, should be designed in such a way that the building itself assists in the manual suppression of fire (National Fire Protection Association 70). Interior design, circulation patterns, materials used in finishing, material, and building services are all central fire-safety factors in building plan. Building design also has a major influence of the effectiveness of the fire department operations. As a result, manual fire suppression activities should be considered during all architectural design phases. One of the important considerations in building design is access to the fire area (Allen and Iano 59). In larger and more complex buildings, serious fires over the years have brought improvements in building design to facilitate fire department operations. The larger the building, the important access for firefighting becomes. In some buildin gs where the fire fighters cannot function effectively, the best solution is provision of a complete automatic sprinkler system, supplemented by a standpipe system for fire department use (Domone 60). Ventilation is of vital importance in removing smoking, gases, and heat so that fire fighters can reach the seat of ablaze. It is difficult, if not impossible, to ventilate a building unless appropriate skylights, roof hatches, and similar devices are provided when the building is constructed. Ventilation of building spaces performs the following important functions. To begin with, it protects (Allen and Iano 62). It aids in the enhancement of the environment close to the fire by elimination of smoke and heat. This enhances fire fighters to press forward close to the fire to put it out with the least time, water, and damage (Association of Fire Chiefs International 71). It enhances control of the spread or course of fire by creating air currents that make the fire go in a specified dir ection. This enables protection of the property or those occupying the building. Lastly, it helps in the provision of a release for unburned, flammable gases before they get a flammable mixture, hence, curbing a back draft or smoke explosion (National Fire Protection Association 81).Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Connections for sprinklers and standpipes must be carefully located and clearly marked. The larger and taller the building becomes, the greater the volume and pressure of water that will be needed for a potential fire (Allen and Iano 65). Water damage may be very costly unless adequate measures, such as floor drains and scuppers, have been incorporated into the building design. Confinement of a fire in a high-rise building can only be accomplished by careful design and planning for the whole building. As buildings increase in size and complexity, more dependence on suppression systems is necessary (Domone 74). Appropriate building blueprint for fire protection should take in a number of factors outside the building itself. The building site will affect the design. Among the significant considerations are traffic and transportation conditions, fire department accessibility and water supply. Inadequate water supply and poor spacing of hydrants have contributed to the loss of many buil dings (Association of Fire Chiefs International 79). Fire department accessibility response is a vital factor in building design considerations. Traffic access routes, traffic congestion at times of the day, traffic congestion from highway entrances and exits, and limited access highways have significant effects on fire department response distances and response time, and must be taken into account by building designers in selecting appropriate fire defenses for a building (National Fire Protection Association 87). As such, building designers must ensure that the building is easily accessible to fire apparatus. However, such accessibility is not always possible. When apparatus cannot come close enough to the building to be used effectively, equipment such as aerial ladders, elevating platforms and water tower apparatus can be rendered useless (Allen and Iano 79). Another important consideration in designing a house for fire safety is the water supply to the site. A building designer must ensure that the water mains are adequate and that the hydrants are properly located. The more congested the area of the building is to be located, the important it is to plan in advance what the fire department may face in its attack, if a fire occurs on the property (Domone 85). An adequate water supply delivered with the necessary pressure is required to control fire properly and adequately. The designer must also account for the water supply demands for fixed suppression systems, such as sprinklers and standpipes. These demands may reduce the supply available to the fire apparatus (National Fire Protection Association 98). Another consideration in the design of a building is the possibility of damage from a fire in an adjoining building. The building may be exposed to heat radiated horizontally by flames from the windows of the burning neighboring building. If the exposed building is taller that the burning building, flames coming from the roof of the burning building can i mpinge on and damage the exposed building (National Fire Protection Association 100). The damage form an exposed building can be severe. It is dependent on the amount of heat produced and length of exposure, the fuel load in the exposed building, and the construction and protection of the walls and roof of the exposed building. Other factors that can contribute to this severity include the distance of separation, wind direction, and accessibility of fire fighters (Association of Fire Chiefs International 125). Fire severity is a description of the total energy of a fire, and involves both the temperatures developed within the exposing fire and the duration of the burning. The severity of exposure is calculated on the width and height and the percentage of openings in the exposing wall areas and the estimated fire loadings of the buildings involved (Domone 79). Building designers should be aware that blank walls, closing wall openings, use of automatic deluge water curtains, which di scharge water directly on one of the vertical surfaces of the exposed building, and use of wired glass instead of ordinary glass could reduce the separation distance hazards between the exposing buildings (Allen and Iano 93). Materials that can withstand fire: reinforced steel and concrete The previous discussion has dealt with the considerations that should be put into place in designing a house in order to ensure that it is fire-safe. In the next section, this paper examines how buildings can be fire-safe using construction materials that can withstand fire. Construction materials that can withstand fire are found in Type I construction (Domone 86). Type I construction, also known as fire-resistive construction is the most fire-resistive category of building construction. It is used for buildings designed for large numbers of people, buildings with a high life-safety hazard, tall buildings, large-area buildings and buildings containing special hazards. Type I construction is commo nly found in schools, hospitals, and high-rise buildings (Allen and Iano 95). A building with Type I construction can withstand and contain fire for a longer period of time than buildings with Type II, III, IV, or V. The fire resistance and combustibility of all building materials are carefully evaluated, and each building component must be engineered to contribute to fire resistance of the entire building to warrant this classification. All of the structural members and components used in Type I construction must be made of noncombustible materials, such as steel, concrete, or limited combustible materials such as gypsum board. In addition, the structure must be constructed or protected so that there are at least two hours of fire resistance (National Fire Protection Association 129). If a Type I building exceeds specific height and area limitations, codes generally require the use of fire-resistive walls or floors to subdivide it into compartments. A compartment might consist of a single floor in a high-rise building or a part of a floor in a large area building. In any event, a fire in one compartment should to spread to any other parts of the building. To ensure that fire is contained, stairways, elevators shafts, and utility shafts should be enclosed in construction that prevents fire from spreading from floor to the floor or from compartment to compartment (Association of Fire Chiefs International 132). Steel is the most vital metal used in construction of buildings. It is normally accessible and relatively cheap. Without it, construction would be restricted to enormous all-masonry buildings with domed floors, or masonry wall-bearing buildings with wooden floors. Steel is very tough. Its compressive power is equal to its tensile strength. Its shear strength is almost equal to its tensile strength. This great strength makes steel members of comparatively small mass to hold heavy loads, mainly when used in trusses. Nevertheless, fire resistance, is a funct ion of mass. Such tough but lightweight members have little intrinsic fire resistance (Allen and Iano 112). Steel has several important characteristics to consider regarding its behavior in fire. To begin with, considerable elongation can occur in a steel member at normal fire temperatures. This elongation may lead to the disturbance of building components, such as masonry adjacent to the ends of the steel. If the steel cannot get longer because of restriction, it will crumple or overturn. This can be significant when other components rest on a steel chamber. At higher temperatures, steel members completely fail, bringing about the collapse of the structure. Another characteristic of steel is that it is a good conductor. As such, it transmits heat readily (Association of Fire Chiefs International 172). Often the first structure that comes to mind when steel is mentioned as a construction material is the high-rise building. The development of steel framing an engineering technique ma de it possible to erect tall buildings. The strength of steel, the consistency of its structural characteristics, and its ability to be connected to other structural elements so that loads can be adequately transferred are all-important to the use of steel as a building material. Only a few specialized buildings, such as fiberglass buildings, that are invisible to electromagnetic radiation or less affected by corrosive atmospheres, are built without steel (Domone 116). The fire effect on steel can be crucial to the stability of almost any of the building during a fire incident. Steel fire escapes are provided on many buildings. If, in good condition, they can be useful, not only in evacuating occupants, but also for fire department access. Steel reinforcing bars and cold-drawn steel tendons are vital to concrete construction in providing the tensile strength that concrete lacks. Steel is used in concrete flooring systems. Corrugated steel provides ‘left in place’ forms, which are often designed to react together with the concrete under load, thus forming a composite (Allen and Iano 121). Apart from steel, the other building material that can withstand fire is concrete. Although concrete is taken to be a contemporary building material, it has been used in the past millennia. The use of concrete has changed dramatically over the last century as poor understanding about the material, and how it is made has improved. The industry continues to evolve today as experience grows and its versatility and cost effectiveness is exploited. The design, construction method, materials used and standards of workmanship employed in the creation of a concrete structure will vary enormously according to the date of its construction. All these factors will affect the durability of the structure, and may result in particular deterioration problems that correlate to the construction period (Macdonald 103). The ability of concrete to withstand fire is dependent on the ag gregates forming it. Concrete is made up of aggregates of various sizes, broadly categorized as fine (commonly sand), and coarse (typically crushed stone or gravel), combined with cement paste (a mixture of cement and water), which acts as a binder (Macdonald 115). The greater proportion of concrete is aggregate, known as the filler, which is bulky and relatively cheaper than the cement. As the constituents of concrete derive from stone, it has been known variously as artificial stone, cast stone, reconstructed stone and reconstituted stone (Macdonald 117). The most commonly used binder in modern concrete is Portland cement. Portland cement is commercially manufactured by blending limestone or chalk with clays that contain alumina, silica, lime, iron oxide and magnesia. The compounds are heated together to high temperatures. During this process, the calcium carbonate in the limestone loses carbon dioxide, leaving the lime. The products in the clays, such as alumina and silica, are w hat provide the hydraulic properties (Macdonald 119). The heating process chemically combines these materials through partial melting of the silicates and vitrification on cooling to form compounds of silicates, aluminates and aluminosilicates in the form of a clinker. This is then finely grounded to a powder. Other cementitious binders used as partial replacements for Portland cement include blast furnace, pulverized fly ash, and silica-fume cement replacement materials. The use of different binder types varies the characteristics of the concrete, in particular its permeability to water and hence its durability (Macdonald 120). In order for concrete to withstand fire, it has to be reinforced. Concrete is known to be very strong in compression, but relatively weak in tension. To overcome this deficiency when concrete is used as a structural building material, and to combat early shrinkage and control subsequent diurnal thermal expansion and contraction, reinforcement is included in areas where tension occurs to create reinforced concrete. Steel and concrete posses similar coefficients of thermal expansion and form an effective composite section. Concrete is mixed wet, poured around the placed reinforcement into the formwork, and compacted or vibrated to expel air (Domone 142). Due to the importance of assessing the fire resistance of buildings and building materials, a great deal of work has been done to develop test procedures that assess the way building materials and structural assemblies perform under fire conditions. It is important to keep in mind that these tests must be repeatable in order to obtain uniform results from different testing laboratories. There is a possibility of approximating the damage that is caused by fire in a building. This can be achieved by examining the types and amount of materials that can burn in the building, as well as the way they are distributed. These two factors not only indicate the rate of combustion and the duration o f the fire, but also the difficult that might be encountered when automatic suppression systems are activated or when manual suppression is attempted (Allen and Iano 134). Conclusion In conclusion, in terms of fire protection, building design and construction practices have improved over the years, but far too many buildings are still not fire-safe. Many building designers, either through ignorance of for reasons of economy, do not put the necessary precautions to ensure that buildings are fire-safe. Highly combustibles contents, even in a well-designed building, can cause severe fire damage. Unprotected steel can fail quickly in a fire. Tests can be made to determine the ability of the structural elements of a building to withstand fire. Fire safety is taken for granted by many individuals until a serious fire occurs. Education of building designers, building owners, and the public can lead to truly fire-safe building design. Allen, Edward and Joseph Iano. Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2011. Association of Fire Chiefs International. Fire Inspector: Principles and Practice. New York: Jones Barlett, 2011. Domone, Peter. Construction Materials, their Nature and Behaviors. London: Taylor Francis, 2010. Macdonald, Susan. Concrete: Building Pathology. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2003. National Fire Protection Association. National Fire Codes. New York: Jones Barlett, 2006.

Animal Oxygen Consumption Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Animal Oxygen Consumption - Lab Report Example After series of tests and manipulation, the investigator found out that, oxygen consumption of the group's subject which is the "Tilapia" increases, as incubation period increases; however, the former was found to have no direct relationship with its body weight. The result was contrasting to the experience of other groups which were assigned to investigate "crayfishes". Direct or linear relationship among crayfishes' oxygen consumption, incubation time and body weight were not as well established. All living cells need energy from exterior sources to act upon their many important tasks such as biosynthesis, transportation of molecules across membranes, movement, and reproduction. Green plants for example, acquire vast amount of energy from sunlight through photosynthesis. Chloroplasts surrounding the cell matrix convert solar energy into chemical energy. Moreover, most animals ingest food (usually plants and other animals) to acquire chemical energy that are stored in the food at the same time generate ATP through a process called cellular respiration. Cellular respiration in the same manner requires oxygen as a reactant. Thus, as an outcome of cellular respiration and cellular activity, animals are able to produce and release heat. This is one of the many unique characteristics of organisms and they as well vary in the rate of heat production as part of their metabolism.The overall process of cellular respiration can be summarized as: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP + heat (Foodstuff) (respiration) (heat) (work) Oxygen consumption was measured by estimating the energy metabolism, since the rate of oxygen consumption as well as energy utilization is generally directly related. In this exercise, the oxygen consumption of Tilapia was determined by using LaMotte Dissolved Oxygen kit in small volumes of water. This technique is titration-based on the oxidizing characteristics of dissolved oxygen (DO). Manganese solution is also added to the tested water samples followed by a strong alkali. Later, the solution was titrated through a standard solution, followed by addition of an indicator. Objectives The laboratory activity intended to achieve the following aims: 1. To demonstrate relationship in animals' body weight, oxygen consumption per body weight with respect to the incubation periods. 2. To perform accurately the procedures in the use of LaMotte Dissolved Oxygen kit, titrations and balance. 3. To compare the oxygen consumption of nektonic and benthic organisms. Hypothesis There is no direct relationship among oxygen consumption, incubation time and body weight for both animals (tilapia and crayfish). Methods/Procedures 1. Students are assigned into groups. Each group will be assigned and organism to work with depending on availability. 2. Fill 4 jars with the aquarium water. Using a net, select 3 animals of which your group is assigned to and gently transfer them one to each of the mason jars. The animals may vary in size. In addition, in the case of Tilapia, choose smaller ones so they have room to move about in the jar. *Collect water for your negative control first, since

IT Project Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Project Management - Research Paper Example In this instance, the company seeks to enhance the solidarity in the organization among the junior and the senior staffs (Parthasarathy, 2010). Virtual teams stand out to be much more successful in the company when the employees of the company gain access to such aspects of training, formation of the group and its efficient management. In this instance, the team members should have their freedom of work and also have well laid down systems of communication (Zofi, 2012). Top management forms the major stakeholders in any successful Information Technology project’s implementation. They ensure the smooth communication between the members of the firm with the top management. (Zwikael, & Smyrk, 2011). The management ensures that there is enough staff that can successfully run the project. In fact, if possible, there should be standby staff to offer coverage in cases where there could be an emergency or even sickness in some instances (Morris & Pinto, 2010). The management is the planners of the ideas or goals that ensure that the IT company runs as expected. They ensure that with the use of the least resources and time, the planned objectives takes place smoothly for the success of the IT firm (Zwikael, & Smyrk, 2011). It is very vital for the organization to be on the safe side all the time during its daily operations. In this case, the top management is always prepared to counter such eventualities in the organizations. (Zwikael, & Smyrk, 2011). There lacks a good relationship. There are also decision-making problems, style of leadership and also opposition from other members of the team who neither participate nor contribute towards the development of the team (Leon, 2008). The aspects of human resource management items like selection, training, and management can help the virtual teams reduce travel and relocation costs, and provide work/life balance and flexibility for employees (Khosrow-Pour,

Lesson plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lesson plans - Essay Example Inductive learning will be applied. Students will be encouraged to ask questions regarding the shapes and forms discussed. The teacher will use a powerpoint presentation to show students different shapes and forms. A computer and projector will therefore be used. The teacher will also hand out to students paper cards containing the drawing of various shapesand forms. The students will be asked to draw on paper and model various shapes using water and clay. Other materials to be used include: pencil ruler, eraser, drawing paper, clay, and water. At the beginning of the lesson, the teaher will display pictures of European artworks and artists and ask the students to identify their names. Group discussion will be applied, with each group consisting of 4 to five members. The teacher will perform a powerpoint presentation before applying other methods of teaching. The student activity will mainly involve students working in groups of four or five members discussing the history and characteristis ofEuropean art. Inductive learning will be applied. Students will be encouraged to ask questions regarding any aspect ofEuropean art. The teacher will use a powerpoint presentation to show students pictures of European art and artists. A computer and projector will therefore be used. Websites will aslo be visited to obtain more pictures and information regardign the topic. The teacher will also hand out pictures to students related to the

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Research Paper - Essay Example Arrest, detention and seizure are governed by stringent regulations and limitations which, according to Pilon (2000) are primarily intended to protect the citizenry against unreasonable searches, unjustifiable detentions and importantly, against the possibility of law enforcement’s abusing its powers. It is in relation to the stated that Turkey stands in direct contrast to Canada. This Eurasian nation has been cited for human rights abuses on countless occasions and both Amnesty International and the European Commission for Human Rights have repeatedly shed light on abuses vis-Ã  -vis all of search, seizure and detention (ECHR, 2003; U.S. Department of State, 2007). A comparison of the arrest, detention and seizure framework in Canada and Turkey will serve to underscore the imperatives of limiting police authority through the clear explication of the citizenry’s civic rights for the prevention of abuses which translate into nothing less than inexcusable miscarriages of justice. The rules which govern arrest, detention and seizure in Turkey are grounded in the country’s constitution. The Turkish Constitution clearly outlines the civic rights of the citizenry and outlines the limitations on police authority. As Kinzer (2002) explains, arbitrary arrests are prohibited with no statements of exception. Law enforcement must have a clear reason for arresting citizens and must establish, before a judge that the citizen in question has violated the laws of the nation and accordingly, that there are legitimate grounds for the issuance of an arrest warrant. If a warrant is granted, law enforcement has the legitimate right to take the suspect into custody where he/she may be detained for a maximum period of 7.5 days. This period can only be renewed if law enforcement uncovers evidence pertaining to the detained suspect’s highly probable culpability in a crime. Not only that but law enforcement must

State-Sponsored Terrorism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

State-Sponsored Terrorism - Term Paper Example The Second World War, just as the name suggests was a war that had resulted from numerous diplomatic rows among the government. During the wars, different countries including the United States had committed numerous war crimes in different antagonizing countries. However, in wars governments strive to protect civilians as they engage in military warfare. The United States, for example, led the western allies in the war animating their enemies while protecting her civilians (Elle man, 2006). The country had for example carried out an extensive bombing of different parts of Japan among other countries forming the eastern bloc. At the end of the war, the countries abandoned the animosities thereby concentrating on rebuilding their economies. This implies that after the war, the countries including the United States abandoned the animosity and began rebuilding. The rounding of a particular group as was the case in the United States thus amounted to an act of terror and was not part of th e war. Among the features of the internment of Japanese that succeeded in quantifying the process as an act of terror included the magnitude of the swoop. As explained earlier, terrorists use the civilians to pass messages to governments. The success of a terrorist activity relies on the number of casualties in such attacks (Robinson, 2001). The American military rounded up more than one hundred and fifty thousand Japanese in the country with the American government hoping to use such in making Japan recognize her might. The American government thus portrayed disregard to human rights as they interred the Japanese arbitrarily thereby denying them some of the basic rights and freedoms of humanity. Such factors that quantify the interment process as a state-sponsored acts of terror. The American government sponsored the entire swoop as the country used its military among other resources to concentration camps for the Japanese.

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Research Paper - Essay Example Arrest, detention and seizure are governed by stringent regulations and limitations which, according to Pilon (2000) are primarily intended to protect the citizenry against unreasonable searches, unjustifiable detentions and importantly, against the possibility of law enforcement’s abusing its powers. It is in relation to the stated that Turkey stands in direct contrast to Canada. This Eurasian nation has been cited for human rights abuses on countless occasions and both Amnesty International and the European Commission for Human Rights have repeatedly shed light on abuses vis-Ã  -vis all of search, seizure and detention (ECHR, 2003; U.S. Department of State, 2007). A comparison of the arrest, detention and seizure framework in Canada and Turkey will serve to underscore the imperatives of limiting police authority through the clear explication of the citizenry’s civic rights for the prevention of abuses which translate into nothing less than inexcusable miscarriages of justice. The rules which govern arrest, detention and seizure in Turkey are grounded in the country’s constitution. The Turkish Constitution clearly outlines the civic rights of the citizenry and outlines the limitations on police authority. As Kinzer (2002) explains, arbitrary arrests are prohibited with no statements of exception. Law enforcement must have a clear reason for arresting citizens and must establish, before a judge that the citizen in question has violated the laws of the nation and accordingly, that there are legitimate grounds for the issuance of an arrest warrant. If a warrant is granted, law enforcement has the legitimate right to take the suspect into custody where he/she may be detained for a maximum period of 7.5 days. This period can only be renewed if law enforcement uncovers evidence pertaining to the detained suspect’s highly probable culpability in a crime. Not only that but law enforcement must

Effects Of Organic Waste Pollution On The Natural Environment Essay

Effects Of Organic Waste Pollution On The Natural Environment - Essay Example Water cycle that consist of material flow on earth’s surface to water masses are some of the causes of water pollution as the flows collect materials into water bodies and are vulnerable to intentional pollution through domestic and industrial waste disposal. This paper discusses environmental effects of organic waste pollution and reviews an article that uses toxicology to investigate the impacts of water pollution on the natural environment. Effects of organic waste pollution on the natural environment Organic discharge into water bodies has varying effects on the environment. One of the effects of organic pollution is the disintegration of organic matter to changed odour and taste of water. Effects of continuous degradation are accumulation of compounds such as hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans and this leads to gradual increase in changed odour and taste of water that may not be suitable for sensitive flora and fauna. Organic pollutants also destabilize oxygen concentration in water masses. Many factors lead to this shift from equilibrium of water concentration. Processes of organic components of water such as photosynthesis and respiration uses oxygen and may change oxygen concentration in water. Photosynthesis may increase concentration beyond its equilibrium while respiration may reduce the level of concentration. Anaerobic respiration and oxidation of organic pollutants are other factors that can reduce oxygen concentration in water. ... Insufficient oxygen in water may also cause death of aquatic animals. Such deaths further leads to accumulation of organic compounds in water and worsen the problem with oxygen concentration. Death of plants and animals in the water bodies also generate aesthetic effect besides increasing water turbidity (Goel 2006, p 116- 120). Organic pollution also affects levels of production of aquatic plants and animals. As the pollutants begin to invade water bodies, aquatic plants and animals benefits from nutrients that the organic pollutants may contain and this leads to high rates of photosynthesis and respiration among other processes. Increased concentration of organic pollutants however have adverse effects on aquatic lives as respiration rates increase and this leads to aesthetic effect and instability in oxygen concentration. Accumulation of organic pollutants also increases concentration of chemical compounds such as hydrogen sulphide and ammonia, chemicals that have adverse effects on some plant and animal species such as phytoplankton. High levels of organic pollution are also a threat to biodiversity. At normal water conditions, without organic pollutants, all aquatic plants, and animals are able to survive and their populations are constant. High levels of pollution however threaten the lives and less tolerant plants and animals die. Some plants and animals may however be tolerant and survive the harsh conditions due to the pollution. Consequently, aquatic life will consist of the tolerant species that may only be few. Loss of biodiversity from the pollution can also be permanent, unless artificial measures such as reintroduction of the extinct species upon resumption of normal condition in the polluted aquatic environment. Organic

Police Diversity Essay Example for Free

Police Diversity Essay Racial discrimination is an issue that so many professionals know about. Dealing with it may be the problem, but attempts to deal with it have been shown since the early times when it was noticed. According to Zeisel, there is evidence that the federal courts of appeal have been urged to take action on the administration of death sentences. Zeises notes that the death sentences in the federal courts, which he writes as a Florida experience, were administered discriminating against the black people (1981). In his writing, Zeisel states that two petitioners had provided evidence showing that the black offenders were being discriminated. The petitioners are, Maxwell V. Bishop who provided evidence to show that the black offenders were being discriminated against, and a petitioner in Spinkerllink v. Wainwright, who provided data showing that murderers of the white people were being discriminated against. This report by the petitioner from Spinkerllink indicated that there were high chances of murderers of the white to end up in death rows than murderers of the black people Zeisel, 1981). This though never received any action as the courts are noted to have refused to obtain evidence of racial discrimination. Zeisel notes that the data available in the criminal justice system of Florida, prove that there have been such kinds of discrimination (1981). This is a case that was identified in the 1980s, but does it exist today? Has the system changed? Racial discrimination has been a major problem in most federal courts with most minorities, especially the black people, facing cruel judgments than the white people. Some reports indicate that more blacks are found behind bars than whites considering their number in the total American population. The people are few in number, yet if the number of people in prison is compared to the white people in prison, they are almost half the whites total. This is the aim of this paper. Analysis of data about arrests made in Florida will be done to determine if the minorities are arrested more and if still, there is racial discrimination. Data to be analyzed was obtained from the Florida department of Law enforcement, which was recorded in the year 2004 by UCR. Analysis Do minority commit more crimes? According to the statistics on arrests by age and race in Florida, there are several offenses for which the white, Indians and the black people were arrested. Whites constituted a bigger group of people arrested with a total of 672,987, this is followed by the black people who were a total of 351,871. The total Indians arrested were 1,496 (Department of Law Enforcement, 2005). There are some offenses that no Indian was arrested at all, for example bribery and embezzlement. Comparing this to the other groups, a total of 38 whites were arrested for bribery and 20 black people for the same offense. In the case of embezzlement, 363 blacks were arrested while 749 whites were arrested(Department of Law Enforcement, 2005. The offense categorized as miscellaneous had the highest number of offenders with 299, 442 white offenders, 159,378 black offenders and 1,034 Indian offenders. Drug arrest and simple assault also had high numbers of offenders. White people arrested for simple assault were 60, 018, while the black offenders in this case were 29,650, and the Indian offenders arrested for this case were 89. Drug arrests had these numbers; whites 84,829, black people 65,167 and Indians 112 (Department of Law Enforcement, 2005. These are examples from the data obtained about arrests made in the year 2004 under various offenses. Generally, the minority, which in this case is the black people, committed more crime. This is because the number of black people in Florida compared to the total population is small. Research reports show that in the year 2000, the percentage of non white people was 17. 8. The total population of Florida then was 15,982,824 (Schenker, 2008). From this data, it means that the non white people were only 2,844,943. This includes even the Indians. The population in the year 2007 is noted to be 18,680,367 indicating a growth of 16. 9%. This means that on average, each year, there was an approximate growth increase of 449,591 making an approximate of 177, 811,88 total population of Florida as at 2004. The rate of increase of the the non white population per year is approximated as 0. 31% (8,819) based on the fact that the total percentage increase of the total population by 2010 is 19. 8% (Schenker, 2008). This means that the total non white population based on the yearly increase was approximately 2,880,219 in 2004. If this population is compared with the approximated total population in 2004, then the number of non white people is small compared to white. This is proof that more blacks commit more crimes according to the data from the Florida Department of Law Enforcement. An example is in drug arrests. The number of white people arrested in this case is 84, 829. The total number of white people if approximated in the year 2004 was 14,900,969. From this the percentage of the white people arrested is 0. 569%. If this is compared to the number of black people arrested which is 65,167 on drug arrests, the percentage arrested to the nonwhite population is 2. 263%. This calculation is done using the total of non white people which includes Indians. If the number of Indians were excluded, then it means the total percentage would be higher. From this calculation, the number of black people arrested is higher by 1. 694%. How can this be judged? That these people commit more crimes? According to several sources, there have been so many cases of discrimination against black people living in America. This could just be a proof to it. It is though just an assumption since the number of people arrested cannot prove that the people are being discriminated against, though is a strong indication. Domnitiz and Knowles noted after research that black people were found to be guilty in police practices more than the white people. The economists note that â€Å"unbiased police practices as the police plans to do, can not prove that the guilt rates of motorists will be equalized among all races† This implies that however much the police try to show that they do not practice any racism in their policing, there is still knowledge by the public that there is racial discrimination in police practices. Domnitiz and Knowles indicated that motor vehicle search statistics show that the black motorists are singled out more that the white people (2006). The above case could therefore be considered as racial discrimination. Conclusion  From the above analysis, it is quite evident that there is racism. Just from the many sources that information is obtained, most of the cases are just indicating discrimination against the black people. In some sources though, black policemen were also found to be discriminative (Jaynes and Williams, 2007). This though is not indicated in the discussion but is an indication that even the black can discriminate against the other races. It may be therefore that, discrimination is due to the fact that the black are a minority. It is not easy to conclude this way though as there are other races in Florida too. What then can be the reason?

Impact of Information Technology on Human Resources

Impact of Information Technology on Human Resources CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE TOPIC Technology has affected every aspect of human life. Every field of business has been affected by it. It has changed the ways of living of human ,the way we communicate, the way we learn, the way think. It has a great impact on private and business sector as well. It provides huge opportunities to help the development of business. Due to technology many impossible things have been become very easier for businessmen. It has reduced the large need of employees, but increased the efficiency of work. In past times which work required a lot of people and a lot of time to be completed, nowadays only single person finish that work in just few minutes. For example, in past time the work of typing required many people to do that work, but now only a man can do that work in just few seconds. So we see how technology is affecting our business. Human resource management also has its great influence. Technology has affected directly organizations and HR functions. It has some positive and negative influences on HRM organizations and its functions. In this dissertation researcher have going to discuss the influence of information technology and telecommunications on human resource management. What are its good and bad effects on HRM, researcher will discuss in this dissertation. A) POSITIVE IMPACTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS ON HRM In past few years it was a belief that human resource managers use technology only to fulfill few needs such as administrative tasks. But nowadays it is no longer like this, these days the whole structure of business depends upon technology. A single step cannot be taken further without the think of information technology. ‘The future growth and development of business will depend on the use knowledge of technology, information technology and services provided by them (Barley 1996). So these days information technology is helping businesses to grow and to develop on a large scale. It helps managers to recruit efficient employees, to save their personal information, for the motivation and good leadership if the employees, to finding new techniques of work, to increase profit and for future planning for business. So lets discuss the positive impacts of technology on human resource management: Recruitment of new employees: As we see these days maximum people rely on the internet, and according to the predictions of researchers number of people who use internet is growing in millions every year. ‘Well educated people, who have skills and full of ambitions, regular working with information technology and communication, have more influence of information technology (Bola and Truman, 2003). So many companies are taking advantage of this thing; they are recruiting efficient, skilled and passionate people online according to their needs. This procedure of recruitment is very much beneficial for the employers, one side it provides those efficient employees and on the other hand it is very cheaper and the third thing is it is a very quicker way of recruitment. By postal or any other way only limited people can be informed for the companys requirement, but via internet hundreds of people can be attracted by your job and company. So we see information technology has made recruitments very easier. To save employees full data: Because of information technology the whole data of each employee can be saved for years. Means even after 50 year it can be confirmed that who worked on which post that time. An employees personal details, job title, post, pay, duty hours etc can be saved for future use. Even his or her performance at work also can be measured, an organization can come to know that who is performing in the favor of the company and when time comes he or she can get promotion or can be fired from the job due to bad performance. On the other hand organizations required to save employees skills, work experience, his efficiency on work and his performance in previous job and his salary for that job. These all things organization can get through internet can save on their system. This information that firm can use in future, and if any employee needs any additional training then that firm can arrange it for him. Organizations are finding new ways of work: Because of developments of technology and communications now organizations are finding new advanced ways of work. ‘Communications and information technology is providing a wide range of opportunities to organizations to perform well (Lindstrome, mob erg and Rapp, 1997). These days organizations are adopting new ways of ways of work which are more efficient, advanced, and profitable for them. By using these ways they are getting more productivity and more presence of employees at work. Example: The most relative of changing ways of work due to technology is teleporting, in which method an employee of an organization can do his or her job sitting at home even in his bed. ‘In this term of work, work comes to the worker not worker goes to the work (Niles, 1998). Because of this term of work an organization can save a lot of money. If they will do work at offices then organization would have to provide a lot of facilities to the employees, like a table, chair, computer, and a lot of other things but in teleconferencing an organization can save the cost of all these things. There is another term of work which is being used in project oriented work with subcontracting. Today most skilled and ambitious people do not want to be bound with a company and organizations also hire those people who are necessary for their projects they need their assistance for work just for a limited time of period. So those people are not formal members of the company. It is very beneficial for the firms because they can get 100% benefits of the skills of that man, and they need not to employee him for a long time and if firm starts a new project then they can hire another man required to that project. ‘A huge number of people who work for an particular organization may be still work for the same job in future, but a slowly growing small number of people will not work like this. Part timer workers are the contractors for a limited period of time for an organization, (Ducker, 2001). Better information management Because of information technology and communications storage of data and information has become so easier. IT is providing a lot of possibilities for the betterment of information management in organizations. ‘By using IT an organization can protect its information from outside world and IT also provides simple storage, maintenance, and sharing of information among organizations members. These all are the essential tasks for a better information management (Marched et al. 2001). Information technology helps to improve the performance of a business so to improve the performances. For the motivation of employees: Information technology helps organizations to motivate its employees for better performance. They can offer their employees much psychological, financial reward. An organization can offer many beneficial policies to its employees, by these rewards an employee tends to be honest with his work the organization can achieve its goals because without the co-operation of employees organization cannot be successful. ‘Because of information technology we can think of many changes about the motivation of an organization employees (Bola and Truman, 2003). So we can say that information technology helps a lot for the motivation of the employees, an organization can allow them to know how it is going to satisfy its employees. Like this it can attract other firms skilled employees who are unsatisfied with their firm or organization. Technology used in training of employees: Nowadays many companies required employees trained with modern techniques of information technology because technology is developing with a fast pace and to compete in the industry organizations need employees with the knowledge of modern technology. Organization using technology for the training of employees, they can train them according to their requirements in a particular skill and they can be used for organizations favor and these trained workers can proved to be a profitable asset for the organization. Organizations need not to recruit a large number of employees, who are not perfect for that job, organization can spent money in a positive manner instead of giving wages to those employees who are not useful for them. Another term is related to that is a company can give training of more than one to a single person, it is beneficial for them in case of one of the employees left the job who was working on a particular project then organization can recruit another employee from their own organization on the same post rather than finding another employee with the same skills, wasting time. Like this an organization can save a lot of time and money. More profit for the organizations: Today we can reduce the cost of organization with the effective use of information technology and the profitability of the organizations is increasing day by day with more improved technologies. There are a lot of things to get more profit for instance, these days due to technology; recruitment of people has been decreased. In past organizations had to recruit employees in a large number, their speed of working was less, but organization had to pay them a lot of money without getting much profit. But these days because technology has developed on a large scale so a large part of work which was done by people in past, now days by developments in technology has been done by fewer employees in a very short time period. Due to advancement in technology many HR functions such as recruitment of employees can be performed with less usage of time and resources and organizations can find easily the right persons for their jobs. Another thing is organizations can always keep an eye on the performance of employees, due to this employee cannot shirk work. He gives his 100%. So like this an organization can get more profit, and more productivity. So all these are the positive impacts of Information technology and communication but there are some negative impacts also. So lets discuss those too. B) NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS There are many positive influences of speedily improving information technology but there also some negative effects of it. Due to the developments in this field of business every aspect has been changed, strategy of work, planning of work etc. and it is continuously changing even in present too. So for employees who are working with the old techniques, it is hard to understand new techniques of working. Those organizations which do not adopt new method cannot meet the ever changing requirements of the industry and it is also very hard for an organization to find out right skilled person for them, because persons with the knowledge of latest technology are rare. Technology is directly affecting the functions of human resource management. So these all things are discussed here: Cutting jobs: As we have discussed above that technology is very cheaper and very fast, by technology any type of work can be done quickly as compare to men. So in past a huge number of employees had been recruiting. But nowadays organizations need a few employees with proper skill. As manpower planning a human being is referred as a machine in this technological era means if he is working or giving profit then its ok otherwise through him out. It is not fault of organizations or human beings rather it is the requirement of todays world. Because of technological developments organizations require less but skilled person for employment to compete the world. An organization cannot tolerate the burden of overstaffing, because it is wastage of money, so organizations are cutting jobs. This action gives harassment to many people, especially to them who were old employees of the firm, having comparatively less knowledge of information technology, but now companies have to kick them out, so they do not h ave any other way of survival. People are compelled to study technology. The competition among todays generation has been increased. They have to do hard work to have a good job, but cutting in jobs harass them. Unsatisfied employees of the company: Organizations are using advanced technology in their work to get more profit and to be more efficient but this makes many employees unsatisfied and angry with the organization because they do not know about that technology and how to deal with that, and they also afraid of to lose their job. So it results in strike or other activities like this which affect the whole structure of the organization. The latest example is ‘royal mails strike and strikes in bus and train departments because all these companies want to adopt new and advanced techniques but their employees are unsatisfied with them. The reason is same because they do not know how to deal with rapid changes in firms technology, they are also afraid of losing their jobs. Skill shortage for organizations: As we know that using new technology in todays era is necessary for organizations, but to use that technology properly organizations need proper skilled persons for each project but there is a shortage of skilled persons for the organizations, because people are known to last techniques of work, and if an organization immediately decides to adopt new technology then it results in shortage of skilled workers. For example, in last time period, Australian organization experienced growth in economic era, but suddenly they also faced crises due to the same problem of skill shortage as they want to adopt new technologies. So this thing is more challenging for the organizations, because on one time they have to consider about so many things, like they have to manage their staff properly, have to satisfy the needs of their staff, and have to maintain themselves in this competitive industry. Expenditure on employees for further training: To get employees with proper skills organizations have to train people themselves with new technology, it costs a lot. Organization spend a lot of money on the training of people, but it is not guaranteed that all of them who are taking training will be able to perform a good job, will stay in your company and work with you for long time. All these things are not guaranteed. Moreover, other thing is technology is changing day by day, so in future a new technology can be introduced so it will cost again for the organization to retrain their employees with these changes, so all these factors are affecting organizations. Hard to do for old people: If a company is adopting new technology, but its old employees who are working with them for a long time cannot tolerate this change because they are working with old techniques and new ones are difficult to understand for them. On the other hand, organizations also not want to train those people because they want to use new ideas from new generation and if organization will train those old people then it will cost them a lot because those people are near to retirement and spending money on them will be wastage. Next thing is due to changes in technology organizations are transforming people to one side to another side. So it irritates them a lot and results in strike etc. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Performance management is the process of creating a work environment or setting in which people are enabled to perform to the best of their abilities. Performance management is a whole work system that begins when a job is defined as needed. It ends when an employee leaves your organization. Many writers and consultants are using the term â€Å"performance management† as a substitution for the traditional appraisal system. I encourage you to think of the term in this broader work system context. A performance management system includes the following actions. Develop clear job descriptions. Select appropriate people with an appropriate selection process. Negotiate requirements and accomplishment-based performance standards, outcomes, and measures. vProvide effective orientation, education, and training. Provide on-going coaching and feedback. As companies reorganize to gain competitive edge, human resources plays a key role in helping companies deal with a fast-changing competitive environment and the greater demand for quality employees. Effectively managing and utilizing people. Increasing the innovation, creativity and flexibility necessary to enhance competitiveness. Applying new approaches to work process design, succession planning, career development and inter-organizational mobility. Managing the implementation and integration of technology through improved staffing, training and communication with employees. PROBLEM STATEMENT To explore how much information technology is deeply rooted in the organization and effect the efficiency of employees in ICI Paints. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To find out the impacts of information technology on the ICI paints. To see the impact of independent variables i.e., data processing, work burden, record keeping, on the dependent variable efficiency of employees in ICI Paints. In this study researcher try to find out to what extent the work has become easy because of the use of computer based information technology in ICI Paints. HYPOTHESIS H1Information Technology is designed to make people more effective and efficient when performing daily activities. HoInformation Technology is not designed to make people more effective and efficient when performing daily activities. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY It has great advantage for H.R. It is useful for human resource department as well as executive level management. It has benefit of future and future decisions. It is useful for common people who are working in Human Resource Department and Accounts Department. It is helpful for maintaining records and retrieving records. It gives analysis reports of the employees. It helps for H.R managers for hiring the new employees in particular job. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Purpose of this research is to understand and to analyze the process of development of I.T to enhance the efficiency of H.R, so as to have better understanding of the MIS and to make an informed judgment about the future decisions. The purpose of this evaluation is to identify strengths and weaknesses of the process of development of I.T in HRM. Main purpose is to achieve future objectives of the organization. CHAPTER2 LITERATURE REVIEW To understand the nature of the IT impact on human resource and firm performance, we must consider the fit between the characteristics of the IT and the users tasks (Goodhue and Thompson 1995). Since the primary responsibility of professionals in public accounting firms involves information-intensive activities (Auditing Concepts Committee [ACC] 1972) such as gathering, organizing, processing, evaluating, and presenting data, the use of IT is likely to improve the productivity of accounting professionals (Pinsonneault and Rivard 1998). Teamwork is critical in a public accounting firm as audit engagements are performed by teams composed of professionals at different ranks. Therefore, the use of groupware technology is also expected to improve work collaboration and communication within teams, and thus enhance their productivity (Ellis et al. 1991). Although previous IT research has examined the impact of IT investments on firm performance in different industries such as manufacturing (Barua et al. 1995), banking (Parsons et al. 1993), insurance (Francalanci and Galal 1998), healthcare (Menon et al. 2000), and retailing (Reardon et al. 1996), empirical research has not examined the professional services industry, such as public accounting firms, in which information and knowledge work play a prominent role. Hence, examining the impact of IT implementation on public accounting firm productivity is of considerable interest to both academic inquiry and practice. Exploration of the productivity impact of IT implementation requires the recognition that the conversion from IT expenditure to business performance enhancement is a longitudinal process (Soh and Markus 1995). Proper IT management is essential to convert IT expenditure to IT assets. Appropriate use of IT assets generates organizational innovations and redesigned business processes, and favorable competitive dynamics enable improved organizational performance due to these organizational innovations. Davern and Kauffman (2000) extended this IT conversion process sequence to emphasize the importance of considering the impact of IT planning and selection activities on realized IT value. A few field studies have explored the longitudinal IT conversion process to identify the factors at different points of the process that determine the success of IT adoption. Venkatesh and Davis (2000) found that at different time points before and after IT implementation, factors such as subjective norm, voluntariness, job relevance, and output quality consistently influence users perceptions about the usefulness of the systems. Bergeron and Raymond (1997) reported that organizational support, implementation process, and control procedures impacted the initial realization of benefits from Electronic Data Inter exchange (EDI) adoption, but three years later, only organizational support and control procedures remained significant. While these studies have examined factors that may impact the IT value creation process, they did not estimate the improvement in firm performance, if any, due to IT implementation. Lucas et al. (1996) conducted a case study of the introduction of a financial imaging system at Merrill Lynch. Comparing the data flow diagrams of the old and the new business processes, they identified changes in organization structure, workflows, and operations. They reported improvement in customer service and reduction in costs. However, they did not conduct any statistical evaluation of improvement in firm performance after IT implementation. Some cross-sectional studies of IT impact have compared the business performance of firms with IT to those without IT, and statistically estimated the impact. Using data from Hardees fast food chain, Banker et al. (1990) compared the performance of the restaurants deploying the Positran technology (a computerized cash register point-of-sale and order-coordination technology) to those without Positran. They found that the use of the Positran technology is associated with a significantly greater productivity for stores with high diversity of sales. Analyzing data for 107 banks, Pennings (1995) found that the banks with ATM adoptions incurred significantly less non personnel operating expenses than those without. There are several IT productivity studies that evaluate the contribution of IT as an input factor in the production function, for example, Brynjolfsson and Hitt (1995) and Barua and Lee (1997) estimated the economic production function using cross-sectional data to evaluate the marginal contribution of IT on output. Wang et al. (1997) and Shafer and Byrd (2000) employed DEA to evaluate the role of IT investments in firm production. Our research differs from this stream of research in two important ways. We consider EU adoption as an event and evaluate the extent to which it shifts the production function for a firm, instead of the marginal contribution of the IT input that differs cross-sectional. Thus, we make a longitudinal instead of cross-sectional comparison of the impact of IT implementation. For IT to positively impact a users performance there should be a good fit between the IT and the users tasks (Goodhue 1995). In addition, training is a significant determinant of the IT users effectiveness (Igbaria 1990). The FIRM has designed the new IT program to fit the requirements of its professionals, and enforced the training in the use of the software. Our field interviews suggest that the IT changes had a positive impact on the auditors performance. Since an audit team is composed of professionals at different ranks (such as managers, seniors, and juniors) with different job responsibilities (Carmichael and Willingham 1989), IT adoption may benefit audit professionals at different ranks in different ways. IT Impact on Auditors The primary tasks that junior auditors perform are assigned audit procedures and preparation of working papers. Most of these tasks are relatively repetitive and involve substantial calculations and referencing across different accounts. Computer applications can automate such structured tasks and substantially reduce the processing time (Abbe and King 1988). In addition, the reduction in monotone work allows individuals to concentrate on more complex tasks and enhance their individual performance (Giuliano 1982). Our field interviews indicate that the principal benefits to a junior auditor from the IT changes are the savings in effort and the reduction in errors afforded by the electronic preparation of working papers. Incorrect computation is one of the major causes for misstatement (Bell et al. 1998), and by reducing such errors; IT use also benefits other audit team members. A junior auditor describes his experience using the new computerized systems as follows: The most important benefit to me is that I can develop the working papers electronically. Without the computer, I have to write down all the numbers by hand and make difficult calculations using a calculator. Sometimes I need to repeat the same entry several times on different sheets. For example, the amount of cash may appear on the balance sheet, the working trial balance, the cash flow schedule, the bank reconciliation and so on, and all the numbers are the same or related. I have to be very careful when I write those numbers down. It is very tedious! However, using the audit software, I only need to key in the entry once and make the appropriate choice. Then, all the related numbers are generated automatically and cross-referenced, and there is no need to punch any keys on a calculator. With a computer, my working hours on an engagement can be reduced by more than half of that without the computer. As the middle-level member of an audit team, a senior auditor assists in audit plan development, organization of audit activities, and supervision and review of the work of junior auditors. The firms audit software organized all required audit procedures in a common list and cross-referenced them to items in the working papers. Since electronic presentation of information facilitates users information acquisition (Jones et al. 1993), a senior auditor is likely to benefit from the convenient information gathering and organization enabled by the new software. A senior in the FIRM describes her favorite IT helper as follows: I like to use the audit software to edit my audit plan and programs. It helps me get organized. The software lists all the necessary planning items for me, so I dont need to worry about missing an important element. All related forms are available by clicking a button, which is really convenient. In addition, we also have a database of document templates that I can use for almost all occasions. IT Impact on Managers As supervisors and reviewers, audit managers do not benefit directly from the audit automation process, except for the convenience of computer-based presentation of information. Analyzing survey data from 260 public managers, Kraemer et al. (1993) found that managers perceived computer-based information to be more useful. Since the firms audit software organizes all audit evidence collected by juniors and seniors in an electronic format, audit managers are likely to be more effective when reviewing such data. Since the order of audit working paper documentation can impact the decision of the reviewers (Ricchiute 1992), electronic working papers that comply with a regular organization should provide more consistent audit decision quality. An audit manager expresses his support for electronic working papers as follows: I dont use many functions of electronic working paper software. I just review its output. However, I do enjoy the neat screen output because everything is clear. Also, every item is cross-referenced which makes it easy for me to trace them. I can easily switch around and search for the items I want to see. In the Notes, the FIRM includes various local and international databases regarding companies, industries, and regulations. Managers can easily search for information relevant to a certain client to help them perform analytical review (Cohen et al. 2000). In addition, the information in the databases is more reliable and objective (Reimers and Fennema 1999). The FIRM has also created some exclusive case databases that can be shared by its professionals. Such knowledge-sharing applications have been found to improve the quality of decision making (Orlikowski 1997). A manager describes his experience as follows: Our Notes database has helped me increase my professional knowledge. We share our case experience, and business regulations using the database. It helps a lot in problem solving and keeps me updated on the current trend. IT Impact at the Business Process Level A current trend is to create a paperless office environment that replaces paper documents with electronic documents so that information can be accessed easily and with much less effort. In the practitioner-oriented literature, advantages of a paperless office in improving work efficiency and reducing operating costs have been reported (Hunton 1994). Together with the audit software, the FIRM created a client database to store all related audit files for each client. The documents in the database can be easily retrieved by a search function or with associated links. Consequently, auditors in the same team can share audit files and significantly reduce the coordination effort of the senior auditors (Salamasick et al. 1995). An audit senior at the FIRM also observed that database storage allows quick reference and modification from previous audit plans and reports for the client and, consequently, work hours for a client can be reduced significantly. In addition, the FIRM uses Notes as a tool to manage internal resources and documents to save time and increase effectiveness. IT Impact at the Work Group Level A professional service firm stands to benefit substantially from the knowledge-sharing applications (Vandenbosch and Ginzberg 1996). The Professional Development Department in the FIRM updates the Notes database everyday and communicates the update to everyone by email. To encourage audit professionals to collaborate, a Question and Answer electronic bulletin board in the Notes was set up for the discussion of all types of work-related questions. The Professional Development Department checks the board periodically and ensures responses to all the questions. Network applications that enable real-time information circulation can also facilitate communications efficiency in a public accounting firm (Zarowin 1994). Email is the most important network application for the professionals in the FIRM to communicate with each other, clients, and overseas colle