Cola Wars Group Case Analysis Essay

After reviewing the depicted object and doing an in-depth analysis of the assiduity, we tack together that the foreshorten persistence is profitcapable for a variety of reasons. Chief amongst the reasons for the assiduitys profitability is the remarkable net profit percentage at 35% (Exhibit1). When compargond to the yahoo finance page that we viewed in class, the thin come in industriousness would rank amongst the top ten most profitable industries. If we comp atomic number 18 the put up diligence to the bottling industriousness, we see that the boil down industry dwarfs the bottling industry meager 9%.In fact, if we comp be it to retail and CPI (measure of the average change in price of consumer items over time), it is evident that the price growth in the focus on industry performs better than both measures from 1988 to 2000 (Exhibit 2). This suggest that not only is the deoxidize more(prenominal) profitable than the retail function, but also, the slim down industry is playacting better (from a r razeue standpoint) than the average house hold good. We foot also see that from 1970 to 1998 on Exhibit 3 in the causal agency, the outlay of change drinks has consistently increased, whereas most some other liquids stimulate been inconsistent.Since carbonated drinks are dependent upon the concentrate risers, this data would suggest that he the concentrate industry has longevity along with the carbonated soft drink industry. Despite the big profitability of the concentrate industry, there choose been very few firms to successfully bring out the industry. Using Porters Five Forces model, it is apparent wherefore so few firms enter the concentrate business. Two of Porters Five Forces are very first-class honours degree, the former of buyers and the personnel of suppliers. The power of buyers is very important in any industry, and the depressioner the power of those buyers the better for the industry as a whole.However, there are two ways o f looking at the power of buyers in the concentrate industry. First, the bottlers who are buying the concentrate and mixing it with the carbonated water and other ingredients sop up very low power. s directf every and Pepsi throw away both consolidated bottlers and changed them because of price changes and other factors. Therefore, these buyers have no power because they can be easily replaced at a very diminutive cost to the concentrate producers. The second way of looking at buyers in this industry is the consumer who is actually buying the end product.These consumers have a dandy count of buying power. For example, the entire soda industry has been declining in fresh years repayable to a high awareness of health concerns of imbibing soda as well as other replacements being more appealing to customers, such as flavored water and sports drinks. ampere-second and Pepsi have been competing for foodstuff share and customers are the factor that affects marketplace share. T he companies are competing for the customers business, giving them higher power in the industry. The power of suppliers is also very low.The raw materials that ply the concentrate industry are not hard to find and have been replaced many times throughout the history of the concentrate industry. The suppliers of the raw materials have no power over the concentrators and will not be able to affect the prices they sell their product for. This in turn, makes the industry that untold more profitable because of this low power of suppliers. Another one of Porters Five Forces is threat of entry, which is very low for the concentrate industry due to the presence of so many entry barriers.There are cardinal barriers to entry supply-side economies of scale, demand-side economies of scale, customer bewildering costs, capital requirements, incumbency advantages self-reliant of size, and repressive government policies. Supply-side economies of scale means when producing larger volumes, the cost per unit decreases. light speed and Pepsi concentrate producers have economies of scale due to the fact that they have large capacity. With this large capacity, their fixed costs are lower than any rivals. The case stated that one concentrate plant could serve the entire joined States.This increases the power that change state and Pepsi concentrate producers already have. They also have demand-side economies of scale, significance the existing concentrate producers have a very extensive network, and spick-and-span entrants would be at a disadvantage if they decided to enter because Coke and Pepsi already dominate the industry. Customer switching costs are low if talking about the end consumers of soft drinks, because consumers can easily switch from Coke to Pepsi without incurring extra costs. With respect to the customers being the bottlers, who buy the concentrate and finish the production process, their switching costs are much higher.The case mentioned contracts that t he bottlers have with Coke and Pepsi, and if switching, the bottlers would have to go through extensive paperwork and deal with legal concerns. Another barrier to entry is capital requirements. The concentrate industry is very unique and actually does not require very much capital investment to start things up. The majority of the concentrate producers costs are in marketing efforts, rather than the production of concentrate itself. However, this barrier is up to now high because all the investment Coke and Pepsi have put into building their pocks is very high.If a new concentrate producer were to try to enter the industry, they would have to invest a lot of money into getting their figure of speech out there, and gaining a sizeable market share would be nearly impossible. This established brand leads to the mention of some other entry barrier, incumbency advantages independent of size. Everyone knows who Coke and Pepsi are, and they have very high brand equity. This makes ent ry into the concentrate industry very difficult. There is also the experience aspect. The current concentrate producers know exactly what to do to keep costs down and produce a consistent product efficiently.A new entrant whitethorn run into some roadblocks strictly due to lack of experience. Both Coke and Pepsi have been in the industry for a very long time, so they have an immediate advantage. Unequal access to distribution impart is another very high entry barrier for the concentrate industry. Coke and Pepsi have established relationships with suppliers and buyers of their product. A new entrant would have difficulty accessing channels of distribution, because they have all already contracted with one of the existing companies. The terminal barrier to entry is restrictive government policies.The case mentioned several issues with commandment when speaking of Coke and Pepsis efforts to go international. For example, When Coke attempted to demand Cadbury Schweppes international practice, it ran into regulatory roadblocks in Europe and in Mexico and Australia, where Cokes market shares exceed 50% (Page 14). There is also mention of a mandatory certification for bottled water. This certification caused smaller local brands to fail. After analyzing all the barriers to entry, it is obvious that the threat of entry into the concentrate is very low, contributing even more to the industrys profitability.Threat of substitutes, another of Porters five arrays, is also low in the concentrate industry. The soda industry is very profitable, with Americans drinking soda at higher levels than any other beverage. Traditional substitutes such as water, coffee, tea, and milk have never served as a real threat in concentrate producers 100 addition year history. In recent times, consumer trends have brought the emergence of other alternatives including provender Sodas and non-carb beverages. The Large concentrate producers have been on the vanguard of these trends, adapting new alternatives with a changing market.However, the primary concentrate companies, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and Dr. Pepper still dominate the market. The brand power that has been established over the last century is not apparent to be challenged by a newcomer despite the low inaugural costs for concentrate factories. In essence, the major concentrate companies have execute their own substitutes, transferring losses due to substitutes. Porters fifth force is rivalry among existing competitors. While the two major concentrate industrys competitors initially had fierce competition, the threat of competition outside of Coke and Pepsi is relatively low.The phase of price driven competition ended and now the Coke vs. Pepsi war is played out with differentiation through advertising and brand lifestyle. This form of co-operation, where prices remain relatively high with only short store promotions, increased the overall profitability for Coke and Pepsi. The brand trueness established over the last century means that the threat of substitutes is low and competition is generally for marginal changes in market share. Rivalry among concentrate companies has also expanded to new venues, such as sports drinks and bottled water.But off from the primary concentrate companies, there is no real threat to market share. This analysis confirms that all of Porters Five Forces are low, content industry profitability is high. Although high profitability would in most cases pull back new firms to enter the industry, there are a variety of reasons that is not the case for the concentrate industry, as mentioned above. Coke and Pepsi have almost created an oligopoly out of the concentrate industry, and their strong brand identities will keep them far out front of any possible entrants.

Introduction to Marketing Research

Introduction to Marketing question As to its definition, Marketing Research is the care for of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information close to a market, about a product or service to be offered for sale in that market, and about the past, present and potential customers for the product or service explore into the characteristics, disbursal habits, location and needs of your businesss target market, the industry as a whole, and the occurrence competitors you face. It serves marketing management by providing information which is relevant to decision making.The motorbus or other individual initiating the render must ply counselling to the investigator in the form of a query brief. This document should aver the purpose of the question, its targets, the time by which it must be completed, the budget to which the enquiryer must work in developing the question design and the quantify and frequency of any interim reports which the researcher is expected to make. The Marketing research Process. Marketing research is ga in that respectd using a systematic approach. An moral of match slight(prenominal) follows 1. Define the problem. Never conduct research for things that you would like to know.Make trusted that you really need to know something. The problem then becomes the focus of the research. The objective of the research should be defined clearly. To ensure that the true decision problem is addressed, it is instalive for the researcher to outline possible scenarios of the research results and then for the decision churchman to formulate plans of action under each scenario. The use of such scenarios freighter ensure that the purpose of the research is agreed upon before it commences. For example, why argon sales falling in New Zealand? 2. How impart you receive the information that you ordain analyze to solve your problem?Do we conduct a send for survey, or do we arrange a focus congregation? Marketing research terminate cla ssified in one of tether categories Exploratory research descriptive research Causal research These classifications be made according to the objective of the research. In some cases the research ordain fall into one of these categories, alone in other cases different phases of the resembling research project will fall into different categories. Exploratory research has the goal of formulating problems more precisely, clarifying concepts, gathering explanations, produceing insight, eliminating impractical ideas, and forming hypotheses.Exploratory research can be performed using a literature search, surveying sealed people about their experiences, focus groups, and case studies. When surveying people, exploratory research studies would not try to acquire a deputy sample, exclusively rather, seek to interview those who are knowledgeable and who might be able to provide insight concerning the relationship among variables. Case studies can include contrasting situations or bench marking against an organization know for its excellence. Exploratory research whitethorn develop hypotheses, but it does not seek to test them.Exploratory research is characterized by its flexibility. Descriptive research is more rigid than exploratory research and seeks to describe users of a product, determine the proportion of the population that uses a product, or predict in store(predicate) demand for a product. As opposed to exploratory research, descriptive research should define questions, people surveyed, and the method of analysis prior to beginning info collection. In other words, the who, what, where, when, why, and how aspects of the research should be defined.such(prenominal) preparation allows one the opportunity to make any required changes before the costly shape of data collection has begun. thither are two basic types of descriptive research longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies. Longitudinal studies are time serial publication analyses that make rep eated measurements of the identical individuals, thus allowing one to monitor mien such as brand-switching. However, longitudinal studies are not necessarily representative since umpteen people may refuse to participate because of the commitment required. cross-section(a) studies sample the population to make measurements at a specific advert in time.A special type of cross-sectional analysis is a cohort analysis, which tracks an aggregate of individuals who experience the same event within the same time interval over time. Cohort analyses are useful for semipermanent forecasting of product demand. Causal research seeks to find cause and effect relationships between variables. It accomplishes this goal through laboratory and field experiments. 3. Select a sampling method. Do we us a stochastic sample, stratified sample, or cluster sample? The sampling frame is the pool from which the interviewees are chosen. The telephone book often is used as a sampling frame, but acquit some shortcomings.Telephone books exclude those households that do not have telephones and those households with unlisted numbers. Since a certain percentage of the numbers listed in a phone book are out of service, on that point are many people who have just moved who are not sampled. Such sampling biases can be overcome by using stochastic digit dialing. Mall intercepts represent another sampling frame, though there are many people who do not shop at malls and those who shop more often will be over-represented unless their answers are heavy in inverse proportion to their frequency of mall shopping.In blueprint the research study, one should consider the potential phantasms. Two sources of errors are random sampling error and non-sampling error. Sampling errors are those due to the fact that there is a non-zero confidence interval of the results because of the sample surface being less than the population being studied. Non-sampling errors are those caused by faulty coding, untru thful responses, answering fatigue, etc. There is a tradeoff between sample size and cost. The bigger the sample size, the smaller the sampling error but the higher(prenominal) the cost.After a certain point the smaller sampling error cannot be justified by the additional cost. While a larger sample size may reduce sampling error, it actually may increase the total error. There are two reasons for this effect. First, a larger sample size may reduce the ability to follow up on non-responses. Second, even if there is a sufficient number of interviewers for follow-ups, a larger number of interviewers may result in a less uniform interview process. 4. How will we analyze any data sedate? What software will we use? What degree of accuracy is required? beforehand analysis can be performed, raw data must be transformed into the right format. First, it must be edited so that errors can be corrected or omitted. The data must then be coded this procedure converts the edited raw data into n umbers or symbols. A codebook is created to document how the data was coded. Finally, the data is tabulated to count the number of samples falling into dissimilar categories. 5. Decide upon a budget and a timeframe. 6. Go back and plow to the managers or clients requesting the research. Make sure that you agree on the problemIf you gain approval, then move on to step seven. 7. Go ahead and collect the data. 8. Conduct the analysis of the data. 9. Check for errors. It is not uncommon to find errors in sampling, data collection method, or analytic mistakes. 10. Write your final report. This will contain charts, tables, and diagrams that will communicate the results of the research, and hopefully lead to a event to your problem. Watch out for errors in interpretation. Sources of Data Primary and Secondary There are two main sources of data primary and secondary. Primary research is conducted from scratch. It is original and collected to solve the problem in hand. -Secondary resear ch, also known as desk research, already exists since it has been collected for other purposes. Marketing research by itself does not arrive at marketing decisions, nor does it guarantee that the organization will be successful in marketing its products. However, when conducted in a systematic, analytical, and objective manner, marketing research can reduce the uncertainty in the decision-making process and increase the probability and magnitude of success.

Purpose of a Job Description Essay

The primary purpose of a business enterprise description is to key out the duties, inhering functions and requirements of the position. Job descriptions also serve several other important functions. A good job description can assess work come down and eliminate duplication of effort and also help to assist in the evaluation of the employees job performance. It should be a statement of what duties and responsibilities the employee is expected to fill out and a means for achieving them. Job descriptions can also be employ as recruitment tools, compensation surveys and other benchmarks tools.Job descriptions are utilize for different purposes by the employee and the Human Resources Department. Human Resource managers, can riding habit job descriptions for employee training and development and establishing and updating performance standards. In general, a job description includes the title, a description of the tasks performed, and information on work conditions. It can also in clude any other attributes that the employer requires for that position such as education, knowledge, skills and personality suitability. (Verma, 2007)Many business ch onlyenges such as the substructure of new technology, or increased business competition, can be more(prenominal) easily met when employees are well prepared and trained to make up the inevitable skills. The social club I work for, for example, informs all the employees with the latest updates within the company by sending a letter. With detailed job descriptions, you can comparability the actual tasks of employees to what needs to be done within the organization.This helps you easily identify critical areas that need to be addressed, ensuring you have a global face of your organizations strengths and weaknesses and, at the same time, a detailed glance of each employees areas of strengths and areas for improvement or change. In the recruitment process, a job description gives potential employees comprehensive information about the job for which they are applying. An accurate and effective job description filters applicants who are creation evaluated for the opening helping generate a higher-quality pool of applicants.It also serves as a alternative to the supervisor who is filling a position by helping determine the grammatical cases of selection tools that should be used when hiring. The Sim-Industries HR surgical incision has been in place for 1, 5 years now and they still have not made time to develop job descriptions, because the management did not see this as a priority. The company was in its initial fase and all the employees were expected to be flexible during that period. For example, the pay manager worked in the finance department but was also involved in the human resource department and he was furthermore acting as the PA of the CEO. before long we have two hundred employees and I believe that it is time to embark on setting up job descriptions. We need structure and t he different salmagundi of functions within the company should be defined. It must be clear what duties a colleague has and what he or she is creditworthy for within the organization. It will be a lot clearer for new employees to have a job description as they will then have a better sagaciousness what the organization is expecting from them. As I can see now in the organization, many employees do not exactly know what their duties are and who is responsible for what.Therefore I think that we should consider the introduction of another type of management. With for example performance management, we will reach more personal closeness between employees and managers due the fact that the system is based on managing the dodging of the organization. The goals in the organization will be more specific when the managers eternally ask themselves How are we going to reach that? and Who is responsible for that? When they start use the new system, the strategy will become clearer.

Case Study: Neglect

This shield involves a 16 year old male and subsequently quatern of his younger siblings. In elementary domesticate, the lymph gland wee-weeed A and B grades. However, this did non continue in high inform. Additionally, the once playive boy began to isolate. He stopped playing basketball and spent much while in the advocates office just to avoid the early(a) children as they often made fun of him. The node began seeing the school counselor when he was ten years old.His parents were both alcoholic drinkics and were involved in using and selling illegal substances. The living conditions at home were unbearable. there was often no food, electricity, or water in the home. The knob report that the windows were only screen, leaving the home freezing. The lymph node excessively reported that his parents would shut up him and his siblings in their room to ensure they did not tell authorities the rectitude about what was going on in the house. This typically occurred whe n the parents got word that the law of nature or the Department of Family Services was on their way over.There was louver children in this family, the lymph gland was the oldest, four child were currently still in the home. In addition to the drip the knob see, he also experienced rib. This lawsuit study mentioned one obvious incident. When the customer returned to his parents home after staying with his aunts because of go bad charge, he came likewiseshie to school with a broken arm.This was the only indication of sensible abuse during this case study, however the leaf node did not discuss what happened. Additional physical abuse or every other type of abuse is un hit the hayn. This node was also responsible for his siblings. He made sure they were dressed and generate for school. He also assisted his siblings with their homework. This responsibility left no duration for him resulting in poor grades and his social disembodied spirit decreased. The client also dis played symptoms of hopelessness, suggesting depression.The school counselor made note of possible diagnoses, however, it does not appear that the counselor ever made an official diagnosis. The counselor did mention Depression as a primary diagnosis due to the clients ostracize doom related vocabulary. Treating this client for depression may be helpful.To tolerate a diagnosis of Depression the individual must experience at least five of the following symptoms in the same two weeks downcast mood, weight loss or gain, too much or too little sleep, increased or decreased psychomotor activity, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, poor concentration, or suicidal ideation. These symptoms must be signifi peckt enough to cause marked impairment in work or school.This client did display umteen of these symptoms. For example, the therapist stated that the client said the word hopeless often. The client also looked underweight, had difficulty in school both academically and socially, and di d not receive the proper amount of sleep (DSM-IV-TR). Finally, these symptoms must be more severe than the common blues everyone experiences from time to time. While this client was in all prob efficacy suffering with some degree of depression, there were other factors which better justify these symptoms.This client was the victim of child neglect and abuse. As noted higher up the children in this family often went without their basic fatalitys. This is a better explanation for the clients symptoms than depression because when put in a more nurturing environment, the clients symptoms dissipated. The client displayed this change in behavior when the courts sent the children to the aunts home after the client called the Department of Family Services to show the neglect report.During this time, all the children were going to school clean and reach. The childrens homework, including the clients was completed. This dissipation of symptoms was seen a second time when the client was placed in foster care. Again, he was going to school clean and feed and with homework completed. Once at his foster parents home, the client was also able to go back to playing basketball again.During the run away of the client and school counselor relationship, the client saw the counselor on a weekly basis. The school counselor designed these meetings to assist the client in problem solving with dissemble to caring for his younger siblings. The counselors recognition of the clients needs in this regard was definitely a factor in the clients capacity to make it through this difficult time.This is not always the case in turn causing the client to feel that therapy does not work. Additionally, the counselor did not push the client for information or action so a healthy relationship was able to develop. The counselor was able to slowly earn the clients trust by showing him she was there for him. This benefited the client in a number of ways. He was able to develop a positive keep upive relationship with an adult role model and he was able to gain the courage and strength to put an end to the neglect he was experiencing.As the client progressed in his problem solving and determination making skills the therapist should modify the methods and goals of the therapy sessions. Once the client moved from his biological parents and subsequently adopted, his roles and responsibilities changed drastically. With the new family he lived as a normal child, he was clean, well feed, and rejoined the schools basketball team.He no agelong had to care for younger children in a parenting capacity. At this point therapy should move the focus to resolving the issues of abuse and neglect so the client can come to terms with his past. The use of psychoanalytic therapy would be an appropriate healing(predicate) method. With this type of therapy the client is able to talk out his issues. With the help of the therapist, the client will learn how to forgive and cope with these i ssues.What is unfortunate in this case is the fact that the other children ended up going back to the parents. concisely after that reunification, the old ways came back. However, since the client was not there to act as the caregiver for the other children, the oldest sister took over that role. Here the rhythm method continues. Although the other children were not as open with the school counselor, they need pixilated monitoring just as their bother received in the past.This coda monitoring may be able to stop further neglect and abuse from occurring. Additionally, it would be wise to continue monitoring and providing therapeutic service to this client. There may still be some deep sown issues he will need to deal with. Finally, the client will need help adjusting to his new family and the issues they have brought him, specifically the separation of his adoptive parents.In addition to ensuring that this client is adjusted in his new life, additional defy and therapy can monit or the presence of future mental health related problems. Posttraumatic accent disoblige is often seen in individuals who have experienced abuse. Because of the life situations this client had endured as a child, he is susceptible for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. If this throw out of kilter develops, the client will experience flashback type symptoms. This may hinder his ability to cope with past and future life events.Additional problems associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder include impulsive behaviors, insomnia, nightmares, avoidance issues, poor concentration, hypervigilance, and increased startle response. Because Posttraumatic Stress Disorder occurs after the individual experiences the trauma, symptoms may not appear until later in adulthood.Also common in individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is insobriety and substance abuse. Again, this client is at a higher risk for these issues because of the genetical component of both alcoholism and substance abus e. A diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence includes behaviors that include neglect of responsibilities. Individuals who abuse alcohol also will continue to use despite the fact that they know it is causing problems in their life both physically and socially.With continued therapy and support, the client will be able to work out these childhood issues and thereof decrease the probability of future problems. keep support will also give the client the skills necessary to cope with lifes stressful events. The client will be equipped with the tools need to deal with his problems in a healthy way as opposed to turning to drugs and alcohol.Continued therapy will also allow the client to work out any feelings he may have regarding his siblings who were sent back to his parents. This aspect was not noted in the case study however, he may curb feelings of guilt or regret, knowing that his siblings are still in a neglectful situation. It would also be beneficial to the client to join su pport groups in order to increase his support system.ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2000). diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC Author.

Compare and Contrast to “Desiree’s Baby” by Kate Chopin and “Hills Like White Elephants” by Earnest Hemingway Essay

To some hoi polloi a ball up can be the best thing that forever happened to them, sound thence there ar others who have decisions to take hold. They pull up stakes go through an important stage in any relationship, the make it or break it stage. The two stories that I will be analyzing will be Desirees Baby by Kate Chopin and Hills standardised ashen Elephants by heartfelt Hemingway. In both stories the characters rear out how babies can be a deciding factor in a relationship, and thats what I will be focusing on. In Desirees Baby the morale of the theme is we often get into trouble when we assume (Mayer, Gary H.). The husband even though he claimed to have loved his wife rejected her in a time of need, the result of it he ends up losing his wife and son. When the husband found out that everything he knew around his wife was a lie, he forgot about everything he said and just abandoned his family, in the text it said, He could give her one of the oldest and proudest name s in Louisiana (Paragraph 4, line 4). transform AlsoCompare and Contrast Essay Topics for Middle SchoolArmand allow judgment deter him from whats really important which is even if he and Desiree did not last he should still be there for his child. sluice though Desirees Baby dealt with race I look at it as a deciding moment in a relationship, peculiarly if the bracing is married to know that you are going to stay together. The baby wasnt the reason why the couple didnt make it unless the baby was the start of why they didnt work. In Hills like White Elephants it shows the struggle one couple faced with deciding whether or not they wanted to tackle parenthood. The couple, the American and the girl both are unsealed of their fate. The American just wants to walk away and the girl just wants to make him happy, American male protagonist dominates the meeker, weaker-sexed jig of her femaleness (Busch, Frederick 234). There are lots of people that the man still has the bigger role i n the relationship, but in those relationships comes a lot of animosity to the companion later. In one part of the fable the couple were going back and forth about whether or not they should go through with it and to end it sullen Jig decides that she will, just do it because she doesnt care about herself. neer in anybodys time should you ever put someone else basic before over yourself.Doing that just leads down a road of destruction, and then the fact that this whole conversation is about abortion they probably should just get rid of it because she could just end up alone. Jig sounds as if she has no will or fight in her so she probably shouldnt take care of a child. The baby in this story played ahuge role for its future possible parents. The couple had to make a decision that if it were the wrong one could have unordered them up, or made their relationship a happy one. Both Desirees Baby and Hills like White Elephant realized their mistakes and tried and wished they could have right them. Babies shouldnt be left the burden on people lives but thats where they are placed at times. But it just makes you rally to times where it wasnt a good time to have kids or the situations that these people were placed in that made their children a downfall and a burden instead of a gift or a miracle.BibliographyBusch, Frederick. On Hills Like White Elephants. Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. R. V. Cassill et al. 6th ed. New York Norton, 2000. 76162.Mayer, Gary H. A reckon of Behavior a Semantic Analysis of Five Kate Chopin Stories. January 2010. 94-100 Rankin, Paul. Hemingways Hills like White Elephants. Hinds Community College. Heldref Publication

Binomial System

Lesson 1 Assignment Questions Describe the scientific placement by which determines argon classified, in a report of up to 500 words. In this report, go after *the significance of the binomial system *why common digits of dresss should non be used to correctly identify typesets. The scientific system to split and naming plants be controlled and coordinated by botanist throughout the world. The system of classification in plants is to classify them in root with similar characteristics. Then protract to divide and sub-group until you have one type of plant in each group.The main level of division in plants argon as follows Plants be sh bed into PHYLA (singular phylum) Phyla can be divided into DIVISIONS Divisions atomic number 18 divided into CLASSES Classes ar divided into ORDERS Orders argon divided into FAMILIES Families argon divided into GENERA (singular genus) GENERA are divided into SPECIES Species are sometimes divided into VARIETIES The concept of the binomial s ystem was introduced by Carolus Linnalus (1707-1778) in 1753 for flowering plants. The system gives each plant a phone which is made up of two parts.The first part is called the generic secern (or genus) and invariably starts with a capital. The second part is the specific name (or epithet) and always comes after the generic name. The specific name always starts with lower case, unless it is name after a person or place. The reason common label should not be used is that some common name are given to more than one plant creating confusion when communication around plants. Using botanical names allow identification worldwide. Common names can verify from one country to the next. resoluteness each of the pastime briefly. A. What are the major divisions constitute in the plant kingdom? The major divisions found in the plant kingdom is Phyla, Division, Classes, orders, Families, Genera, Species and Varieties. B. List the underlying differences between angiosperms and gymnosperm s. The canonic difference is that angiosperms are a flowering, seed plant produce seeds in spite of appearance a fruit, while the gymnosperms are naked seed bearing. The gymnosperms have seeds that are not enclosed by an ovary of fruit. C. deposit the meaning of the priceFamily A taxonomicalal category of related organisms rank below an order and above a genus. A family usually consists of several genera. Genus A taxonomic category rank below a family and above a species and generally consisting of a group of species exhibiting similar characteristics. In taxonomic nomenclature the genus name is used, either unsocial or followed by a Latin adjective or epithet, to micturate the name of a species. Species a. A fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a genus or subgenus and consisting of related organisms capable of interbreeding. b.An organism be to such a category, represented in binomial nomenclature by an uncapitalised Latin adjective or noun follo wing a capitalized genus name, as in Ananas comosus, the pineapple, and Equus caballus, the horse. Subspecies A taxonomic subdivision of a species consisting of an interbreeding, usually geographically isolated population of organisms. Variety A taxonomic subdivision of a species consisting of an interbreeding, usually geographically isolated population of organisms. Cultivar A race or variety of a plant that has been created or selected measuredly and maintained through cultivation.D. Give the scientific names of 10 divers(prenominal) plant species not mentioned elsewhere to date in this course. For each, indicate which family they expire to, which name is the genus, which is the species and (if applicable) which is the variety or cultivar. digitSyzygium australecultivar Family MyrataceaeGenusSyzygiumSpecies S. australe Namegenus Viola hederaceacultivar Family ViolaceaeGenusViolaSpecies V. hederacea NameHardenbergia violaceacultivar Family FabaceaeGenusHardenbergiaSpecies H. v iolacea NameAcacia vertillata Family MimosaceaeGenusAcaciaSpecies A. verticillataNameBulbine bulbosa Family LiliaceaeGenusBulbineSpecies B. bulbosa NamePultenaea dentata Family FabaceaeGenusPultenaeaSpecies P. dentata NameDichelachne rara Family PoaeceaeGenusDichelachneSpecies D. rara NameDiuris orientis Family OrchidaceaeGenusDiurisSpecies D. orientis NameLeptospermum scoparium Family MyrataceaeGenusLeptospermumSpecies L. scoparium NameWahlenbergia gracilenta Family CampanulaceaeGenusWahlenbergiaSpecies W. gracilenta 3. What is the horticultural significance of juvenility, maturity and senescence in the developmental cycle of a plant.The horticultural significant of juvenility, maturity and senescence in the developmental cycle of a plant is each stages allows different advantages of the plant. The major power for juvenile stage to be influence allows propagators to vegetatively propagate cuttings longer, while to let down this stage allows flower and fruit growers to reduce thei r production costs and an to begin with crop or return on investment. Because at this stage it has its virtually rapid rate of growth and has the ability to initiate adventitious roots readily, this is decreased or lost as the plant matures.Maturity is significant for those wanting to see the results of their breeding programs or a harvest from the plants e. g. seeds and fruits. A plant is considered mature when it has the potentially capacity to reproduce. Reproduction from cuttings at this stage is minify or the plant has no longer got the ability to form adventitious roots. Senescence is referred to the process involving the deterioration of the plant or its organs preceding to death. To be able to control or delay this stage allows for a longer harvest time e. g. fruit and flowers. . Answer each of the following questions briefly. A. Describe the structure of the basic plant carrellphone. Explain the involvement of the different cell organelles. The basic plant cell stru cture is made many layers which primary consist of three components being the middle lamellum, primary cell wall and secondary cell wall. There are many cell organelles Nucleus stores the genetic component (chromosomes) of the particular cell. Plastids are collective terms for organelles that carry pigments. Ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of proteins.Mitochondria are in that respect to break down the complex carbohydrates and sugars into usable forms for the plant. Golgi Body transports chemical substances in and out of the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum is the link between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the plant cell. Vacuoles are used for storage and help to regulate turgor pressure of the plant cell. Peroxisomes is to assist chloroplasts in undergoing photorespiration process. They also contain certain oxidative enzymes. B. Define the term Plant Tissue. Describe the characteristics and basic role of meander found in flowering plants.Plant Tissue is the references t o a collective function of large tracts of cells with similar structure. Plant threads come in two basic types Meristematic tissues and unchanging tissue. The meristematic basic role is to actively divide and differentiate into confused cell types. After the Meristematic cells have divide they develop into Permanent tissue. Permanent tissue can be classified into simple or complex. C. disgorge and label the cross section of a leaf to enter epidermis, xylem, phloem, stomata and parenchyma. keep an eye on AttachedD. Draw and label a cell diagram to show all parts you can remember without referring to your notes. See Attached 5. Answer the following question briefly. A. State the internal differences between monocotyledons and dicotyledons. There are numerous differences between monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Monocotyledons Dicotyledons A large number of vascular bundles A limited umber of vascular bundles The vascular bundles are scattered in the The vascular bundles are ar ranged in a ring Parenchyma tissue. among the cortex and pith there is no There is a expire distinguish between the corted Distinction. And the pith No secondary thickening substitute thickening can come out No annual rings are formed Due to secondary thickening annual rings are formed No cambium occurs between the xylem and Cambium occurs between the xylem and the The phloem. Phloem. B. How can strengthening tissue establish in monocotyledons in order for perennial growth to occur? The stem strengthening occurs by the many vascular bundles being scattered, kind of than in a ring, with support for the bundles being surrounded by all-embracing fibres. See Attached for 14 plants, 7 review sheets.

Maya Angelou Essay

In Maya Angelou chronicle I know why the caged bird sings about themes and issues are looked at. This biography shows the difficulty of a black woman growing up touch by discrimination and poverty, but also shows her determination, joy and hope. Maya Angelou limns her relationship with many character, this in it self is a theme of her writing, the way she pick ups pack in her own light. Some characters that may be seen to be well-behaved people are changed by Mayas opinion. A good example of this is the railway line between Mayas incur and Mayas fathers girlfriend.If both these characters were described, the fathers girlfriend maybe considers the infract person. This is non the pillow slip after reading this book, as Maya has a way of making the reader see these characters as she sees them. After the separation of Maya Angelous parents she and her brother Bailey were move away to belong with her nan when Maya was only three. This must have been a terrible experience for a young churl to go through, which some may think would have left Maya with resentment towards her mother. In situation this was quite the opposite.When Maya meet her mother again after she left her, Maya discarded the fact that she sent her away. She describes how as soon as she saw her mother, the nights she exhausted crying for her was forgotten. I knew immediately why she had sent me away. She was too good-looking to have children. (Maya Angelou, 1984, P58) This was Mayas way of honourableifying her mother actions. Even if it maybe considered a bad thing what her mother did, Maya save thought she was wonderful. Later on in this book Mayas mother did another bad thing.She opaline someone twice, which again maybe considered a bad thing to do. Since she had think to shoot him (notice shoot, not kill) she had no reason to run away, so she surmise him a second time. He had been shot, true, but in her fairness she had warned him. (Maya Angelou, 1984, pages 202 and 203 ) The row use when Maya describes this purget show she thinks that this is not a major or bad thing that has happened. Maya again shows her mother as not a bad person even though what she has through is wrong.Mayas mother was also believed to be a prostitute Maya believes this too but again discards the idea because she knew that if that were true then she wouldnt be able to live with her, which she wanted to. Even though Mayas mother could be considered a bad mother, Maya thinks extremely highly of her. This can be seen from the choice of lexis, Maya uses to describe her mother. Maya always used nice words such as beautiful, warm, glorious. Maya is also enthusiastic when lecture about her mother. At one point Maya goes to stay with her father and his girlfriend.Maya believed that being her mother was so beautiful, any woman her father was with after her mother would have been just as beautiful if not more. This was the start of Mayas disappointment when run into her stepmother . Maya disliked Dolores (her stepmother) you could tell this from the contrast in tones, from the happy tone when see dialog about her mother to the dull and spiteful tone used when describing Dolores. If Dolores had been a little less aloof, a little more crude(a) She was mean and petty and full of pretense.(Maya Angelou, 1984, pages 222 and 223) Dolores theoretically was a good, honest person. She was a good, hardworking wife she took Maya into her home and treated her well. Even though this, she is still seen as the bad one by the end of this part, from the way Maya talks about her. Maya uses mean words to describe Dolores, and is also sarcastic towards her when talking about her and their home. She was on close terms with her washing machine and iron out board. (Maya Angelou, 1984, P221) This shows one of the sarcastic phases used by Maya Angelou.It also shows that Maya was not the righteous party in her conflict with her stepmother. Maya went out of her way to irritate Dol ores and to name her jealous of Maya relationship with her father. Dolores still comes of as the bad one at the end, after an argument with Maya. Maya tries to be nice to Dolores, but Dolores ends up affair Mayas mother a whore. Even though this is possibly true and Maya questions this, she still defends her mother. It is Maya that makes the first attack on Dolores Maya justifies her behaviour, which leaves her looking the better person.What did she expect if she called my mother a whore? (Maya Angelou, 1984, P239) Another character who has an unthought-of outcome is the dentist, Dr Lincoln. At one stage Maya, as a child was in a lot of pain with toothache. At the Maya was living with her grandmother in Stamps. The nearest Negro dentist to them was twenty-five miles away, which was too uttermost for Maya to travel in such pain. As a result Mayas grandmother took her to a dentist near by that owed her a favour. many a(prenominal) would believe a dentist to be a respectable, g ood, reliable person. This was not the case of Dr Lincoln.He refused to help a child in pain, even though Mayas grandmother stopped him losing his business by lending him money. When speaking to Mayas grandmother, Dr Lincoln was very abrupt and rude to her. He did not even acknowledge Maya, or the fact her face was bootless and she was in pain. Id rather stick my hand in a dogs mouth than in a ringtails(Maya Angelou, 1984, P184) This was the harsh phase that Dr Lincoln used. This also shows discrimination and racism, another major theme in Maya Angelous autobiography. After Dr Lincoln refuses to help, Mayas grandmother follows him in his office.When she later describes what happened she says that Dr Lincoln and the nurse were as thick as thieves. This is a simile used to accentuate Dr Lincoln characteristics. From the way Maya Angelou has scripted her autobiography I know why the caged bird sings she has managed to successfully expect peoples true characters. People that may be c onsidered to have a good character such as Dr Lincoln have been shown for who they really are. This has been done by the choice of lexis and the tones that she has used to create different atmospheres when describing certain characters.

Marijuana Legalization Outline

The Legalization of hemp Thesis Statement The legalisation of ganja in the United States would create a drastic change by forming a more productive society through all of the absolute uses of throw outnabis, physically, economically, and socially. I. Examination of the plant A. The other common nameshemp, cannabis, bud, and weed B. gilds views on the plant be very stereotypical 1. cognize as defameful, deathly, and hazardous 2. It is said that is attitude can be alarming and harmful to others C. Marijuana can be consumed in baked goods, vaporized, or even brewed 1. Brownies can be cooked with marijuana . teatime or coffee can be brewed with the plant D. THC is the of import chemical 1. The amount can be regulated 2. It determines the strength of the amply E. Marijuana has been proved to help and cure many diseases and health problems 1. Glaucoma, epilepsy, arthritis, chronic pain, and depression can be cured and prevented with the use of marijuana 2. Marijuana can even he lp one with aids II. Past fair play in the United States A. At one point in time, it was ascorbic acid% legal 1. It was one of the largest agricultural crops in the world 2. The first truth to exist in the U. S. was a law demanding the U. S. armers to grow hemp B. In 1920, cannabis, hemp, and marijuana became illegal 1. It remained illegal until World War II 2. In 1948, all forms of marijuana were illegal again and still remains to be illegal. III. The United States debt and taxation A. As of February of 2013, the national debt was $16,797,828,899,087. B. The death rates argon more common for other abused substances 1. 50,000 people each grade die from alcohol poisoning. 2. More than 400,000 deaths are attributed to tobacco pot. 3. There are zero deaths related to the use of cannabis. C. The amount of Americans who smoke is substantial . 25 million Americans smoke marijuana in the past year. 2. More than 14 million people smoke regularly. D. Enforcing marijuana prohibition cost s tax catch up withers an estimated $10 billion annually. 1. More than 750,000 individuals are arrested per year 2. The amount of money taxpayers pay to equip the state and federal prison facilities is substantial and would decrease with the legalization of marijuana IV. Regulations in stores vs. on the streets A. Cigarettes and alcohol are monitored 1. champion must be 18 to purchase any tobacco product 2. One must be 21 to purchase an alcoholic bever era B.Marijuana is sell on the streets to anyone who wishes to purchase it 1. The legalization could help prevent the smoking of minor(ip) teens 2. aversion rates would decrease, as well as drug cartels V. Dangers A. Studies of the harm to the body caused by marijuana 1. It shows no sign of brain kiosk damage 2. Not one case of lung cancer has been found caused merely by marijuana B. Overdose will not occur if one smoked too much 1. One would have to smoke 750 joints in about 20 minutes 2. One wouldnt die from smoking marijuana where the death would be caused from carbon monoxide poisoning VI. atomic number 20 A. Decriminalized Marijuana 1. California was the first state to decriminalize it 2. The crime percentage dropped by 24% VII. Legalization in Colorado and Washington A. Illegal to anyone under the age of 21 1. An adult can legally possess up to 1oz of alter marijuana, 16oz of marijuana solids (edibles), and 72oz of cannabis infused liquids 2. Minors are still arrested and/or supercharged and will face sentencing B. Public consumption would remain a infringement in both states, but a civil, not criminal, one 1. Crime rates have decreased 2. Debt has decreased

Adolescent Behaviors and the Challenges in Society Today Essay

Increased awargonness involve to be established so that adults preserve be aw ar of childish behaviors and challenges in our society today. Some issues as simple as callows be beingness ostracized because of obesity, m some others work schedule causing fantastic behaviors, children being embossed by depressed mothers, p bent sift causing youngs non to cod good self-concept, and adolescents being involved in idle behavior in order to be real by associates. All of these actions be causing behaviors such(prenominal) as jejune pregnancy, self-injuries, self-annihilation, and eradicateing derangements. look into states many another(prenominal) of these behaviors take hold lofty statistics coming from the home environ workforcet. The fall in States having the highest teen pregnancy put all around, what be pargonnts doing wrong and how can society be ameliorate so that behaviors can change with adolescents in the world today. With increased ken of what adolesc ents atomic number 18 doing, adults can be helpful to adolescents who are so desperately in need of attention?A family needs to raise their children in a Christian setting so they redeem out squander a solid foundation when they elicit into adolescents because, they need to be strong complete to face the challenges, peer pressures, and behaviors of our adolescents who are not raised to complete responsibility from wrong in their environment. Because of reality of society all adolescents leave alone be challenged to deal with other adolescent behaviors. boyishs cant be portion into a bubble and be protected from what society has to offer. Society is induction that thither is lack of way for adolescents in the world today. Is society cogent incompatibleiate that there is lack of guidance for adolescents in the world today? Research proves lack of guidance is unmingled. In this study explore give tongue tos that adolescent jobs can stem from slant problems, peer pressure, parents work schedule, and parent stress, causing many opposite behaviors in adolescents.See moreThe Story of an Hour literary Analysis EssayThe discussion in one of the obligates interrogationed says that social posture for adolescents depend on how your body is drawed. Girls and boys are not being authoritative or are not habitual by peers if they are overweight. Adolescent misss are more popular if they nurse the perceived body coat and the boys popularity depends on the overall muscularity of his body (Wang,S.S., Houshyar, &Prinstein, 2006). The research in this article is based on 522 students in grades 11 and 12. (Wang, 2006) The research was spy by students choosing popular kids and not so popular kids and results being those popular kids, having the perceived bodies being popular and the not so popular kids being overweight (Wang, 2006).This research states Messages within the media or family promoting idea body shapes may be reinforced within adolescen ts own peer conferences and associated with social rewards that are particularly salient during this developmental stage (Wang, 2006). Adolescents who desire to achieve high levels of condition among peers may be motivated to engage in behaviors that get out help them achieve an ideal body shape. (Wang, 2006) Do adolescents pee-pee to be socially ostracized by peers to be motivated to look the same as others to be authoritative? Are we accepting these behaviors from adolescents, that they should ostracized by anyone? With appropriate guidance and education, we can help adolescents with weight problems instead of adolescents wanting to lose weight to be accepted by peers.The cultural idea for adolescents is to be slenderize and trim and when they are not slim and trim they react with different kinds of exhausting disorders. Psychological consequences may be particularly severe during a metre of life when body image is of special concern (Feldman, 2011). Anorexia is a disorder when the person refuses to eat because they are afraid of getting fat. ( 2011) When our adolescents fag outt get the proper diet it can cause health problems and psychological problems in our children. Feldman states obesity is the most common problem with our adolescents stating that, oneness in 5 adolescents is overweight, and 1 in 20 can be formally classified as obese (Feldman, 2011)Our text states why our children are becoming overweight and not getting the exercise they need to burn mark the calories they are eating.(2011) It is a challenge to go past a unbendable food place because of the affordable prices and availability. It is a challenge for familys to eat at home. The text also states a disorder called bulimia which adolescents eat large amounts of food and then they vomit it out of their system.(2011) These disorders are very serious and can lead to many health problems. The challenge for adolescents to collect the perceived body weight is hurtful to those who ar e considered overweight or obese. This idea of perceived body weight is causing stamp which causes seeky behaviors for adolescents.Another example that shows guidance is vital is in this article about peer pressure and friend influences. The article states how our adolescents are being influenced by peer pressure. Do our adolescents postulate to join the group norms to be accepted or are they strong large to say no and lock in be liked by the group? In this research there are two categories of friends called stable friends and shaky friends. Who influence who? According to research the more accepted friend had greater influence than the less accepted friend after the friendship was established ( Laursen, 2012). When the stable friends were paired up with the unstable friends, the stable friends were influencing the unstable friends. (2012 ) The stable friends being the popular group and the unstable friend being the less popular group the unstable group was being pressured by the stable groups (Laursen, B., Hafen, C. A., Kerr, M., & Stattin, H (2012). Research give tongue to that the unstable friends did not influence the stable friends. (2012)The stable friends were influencing to the unstable friends because of their status in who they were and the unstable friends were being accepted. The research shows how adolescents alter behaviors so that they will fit in even when it comes to alcohol consumption and other degenerate behaviors (Laursen, 2012). This is a challenge even for the stable friends to be able to say no to the alcohol and other deviant behaviors. If parents would teach their children about peer pressure, use the word as something happens, the children would know when an issue comes up and they utter they did it because everyone else did, let them know they allowed themselves to do the wrong thing because of peer pressure. How something as simple as maternal work schedules cause dangerous behaviors in adolescents. Why are parental wo rk schedules vital when it comes to adolescent risky behaviors? What are adolescents doing eon parents are at work?The article provides sensitive evidence on the pathways linking parental work schedules with adolescent risky behaviors( Han, W.-J., Miller, D. P., & Waldfogel, J. (2010). The research states that years of night shift work for mothers indicate that the relationship amid their children are not developed as to mothers who work day time jobs.(2010) Parents working to make a living are having to sacrifice having a relationship with their children. As these parents work it allows more firedom for risky behaviors. Also, term parents are working different shifts research indicates that parents dont know what their children are doing or where their children are.(2010) Effects were particularly evident when parents work such schedules during childrens in-between puerility years but were also evident during preschool years and former(a) adolescence(Han, 2010).Our analyses by childrens developmental stage rede that the number of years parents worked non refuseard hours at various stages of childhood influence adolescent outcomes, but in different ways depending on the stage when nonstandard shift work occurred. These results make sense devoted that children face very different developmental tasks during these different stages. In the middle childhood years mark a time of important changes link to school transitions, developmental advances that establish childrens sense of identity, and developing relationships with parents and peers. These years serve as a foundation for later development, and experiences during these periods can have furthesting effects. (Han, 2010)The risky behaviors focused on in this article while parents are working was, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, drug use, delinquency, and shakeual behavior. With evidence of all these behaviors in adolescents because of parents work schedule, parental guidance is vital in our society today so that these behaviors will be recognized by parents so they will know that their adolescent needs some attention. This article provides facts about how much parent stress is apparent toward parenting behavior and how it reflects adolescents self-concept?According to the findings in this article, parent behavior reflected on their stress that they deal with daily? How does the parent behavior affect the adolescents self-concept? The article debates how the lax parents and stern parents reactions are toward adolescents self-concept. The parents relationship to the child contributes to the childs self-concept and well-being. Without self-worth how can adolescents achieve what they need to accomplish in their life as they grow into adulthood. Putnick, D.L., Bornstein, M. H., Hendricks, C., Painter, K.M., Suwalsky, J.T. D.&Collins, W.A. (2008)Why is society having so many problems with adolescents? Appropriate parental guidance is vital so that adolescents can grow into healthy men and woman. However, we have adolescents growing up and being exposed to many different challenges. Being raised by a mother who has dealt with depression, the article states that the children are the caretakers of the siblings and the house. (2009) The authors stated that they observed a 13-year old boy talked about regularly preparing dinner for his mother and younger sibling (subservient caretaking) and a 9-year old girl offered suggestions to her mother for ways to feel better and reduce her stress at work, including setting up and appointment to talk with her boss. (Emotiona l caretaking) (Champion,Jaser, Reeslund, Simmons, Potts, Shears,Ccompas, (2009).Emotional and instrumental caretaking were significantly correlated with greater self-reported anxiety-depression symptoms only among adolescents whose mothers had a history of depression (Champion, 2009).The research states that mothers think there children are more capable if they are preforming emotional caretaking howeve r the children feel more anxiety and depression when they are preforming those task (Champion, 2009). How do these children stand a chance to grow and develop their needs if they are caring for depressed mother? The challenges these children face are tremendous as they grow into adult hood. They totally missed childhood and all their lives saw their mother cry, take overdose and the many other behaviors that depressed people do. These children grow cold of emotions. They dont know how to express except the way their mother expressed. How do we expect them to grow up as good citizens?The United States having the highest teen pregnancy rate of all other countries is not making a good bidding of how adolescents are seeking to get the attention they need. The authors in this article state that a disturbing discovery that the percentage of apparently involuntary depend upon among female teens is a significant social problem, around 13% for ages 15-19 by one estimation (Thomas and Dimit rox, 2007). Also another alarming fact observed is that over half of teens ages 15-19 have had oral sex, including roughly 25% who have not engaged in vaginal sex (2007). Seeing it as a strategy to avoidpregnancies, many teens believe that oral sex avoids the prospect of STDs including HIV/AIDS. (Thomas, and Dimitrox (2007). Research detects that direct effects of teen pregnancy are coming from background variables such as family poverty, archaeozoic school failure, and dysfunctional family systems. Some research suggests that most of the economic consequences of early childbearing can be explained by family background variables.(Thomas and Dimitrox, 2007) However, research is not saying that all teen pregnancies are coming from these variables. Recent info suggest that the number of children living in poverty in the United States would have risen by 8.3% if the teen birth rates had not declined as they did for the years 1991-2003 (Thomas , 2007). Education to adolescents and par ents is vital. There are so many grandparents raising the adolescents babies. The adolescents never have to take responsibility for their action because they have someone to raise their child.What do they do but go have another child for their parents. Even more hurtful than teen pregnancy, would be facing a knock on the door telling you youre adolescent tried to commit suicide or even worsened committed suicide. The institute of Medicine defines a suicide attempt as a nonfatal, self-inflicted destructive act with the explicit or implied intent to die. (Hausmann, C., Kuhlberg, J., A., Zayas, L.H., Nolle, A., P., & Cintron, S., L. 2012) We much think that these things cant happen to us until we are face with the issue at hand. Research says that depression is the number one disorder diagnosed among adolescents( Hausmann, 2012).Research also states that depression is associated with the greatest risk of suicide attempts.(2012) Adolescents are using objects in their homes to commit s uicide such as, drug overdose, knives, pieces of glass, see files, and guns (Hausmann, 2012). Less common attempting methods were jumping off buildings, suffocating by placing charge card bags over their heads, and trying to hang themselves (Hausmann, 2012). The majority of adolescents in this study had a lifetime history of two to more than six previous suicide attempts (Hausmann, 2012). The authors state that the Latino population adolescents are at high risk forattempted suicide (Hausmann, 2012). Latino population for the youth is up to 41% in the US(Hausmann,2012). The 76 adolescents in this study have already tried suicide 2 or 3 times. The article states that adolescents will try suicide in the next 3 or 4 months and may continue trying suicide up to the next 12 years. (Hausmann, 2012) Talk about a heartbreaking behavior for parent, siblings, whom ever involved. If parents could get some education on some of these behaviors, to reinforce that there is a problem with Adolescen ts growing up in society today. The structure of the family for the last couple decades has changed in many ways.With an increase in the number of parents who some(prenominal) work outside of the home, soaring divorce rate, and a rise in single-parent families, the environment faced by children passing through middle childhood in the 21st century is very different from that faced by prior generation (Feldman, 2011 pg.332). Conclusion is that a family needs to raise their children in a Christian setting so they will have a solid foundation when they grow into adolescents because, they need to be strong enough to face the challenges, peer pressures, and behaviors of adolescents today. Adolescents who go to church are not free from this kind of behaviors but have a solid rock to stand on if they know the Lord. Is society proof that there is lack of guidance for adolescents in the world today?ReferenceChampion, J. E., Jaser, S. S., Reeslund, K. L., Simmons, L., Potts, J. E., Shears, A. R., & Compas, B. E. (2009). Caretaking behaviors by adolescent children of mothers with and without a history of depression. Journal of Family Psychology 23(2), 156-166 . Feldman S.R., (2011). Food, and Eating Disorders Fueling the Growth of Adolescence, cultivation across the Life Span, Pg.365. Grella, C. E., Stein, J. A., & Greenwell, L. (2005). Associations among Childhood Trauma, Adolescent Problem Behaviors, and Adverse vainglorious Outcomes in Substance-Abusing Women Offenders. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19(1), 43-53. Han, W.-J., Miller, D. P., & Waldfogel, J. (2010). Parental work schedules and adolescent riskybehaviors. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1245-1267. Hausmann-Stabile, C., Kuhlberg, J. A., Zayas, L. H., Nolle, A. P., & Cintron, S. L. (2012). Means, intent, lethality, behaviors, and psychiatric diagnosis in Latina adolescent suicide attempters. victor Psychology Research and Practice, 43(3), 241-248. Laursen, B., Hafen, C. A., Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. ( 2012). Friend influence over adolescent problem behaviors as a function of relative peer acceptance To be liked is to be emulated. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 88-94. Nock, M. K., Holmberg, E. B., Photos, V. I., & Michel, B. D. (2007). Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview Development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample. Psychological Assessment, 19(3), 309-317.Putnick, D. L., Bornstein, M. H., Hendricks, C., Painter, K. M., Suwalsky, J. T. D., & Collins, W. A. (2008). Parenting stress, perceived parenting behaviors, and adolescent self-concept in European American families. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(5), 752-762. Thomas, C.L., & Dimitrov, D. M. (2007). Effects of a teen pregnancy prevention syllabus on teens attitudes toward sexuality A latent mark modeling approach. Developmental Psychology, 43(1), 173-185.

Early Childhood Curriculum Essay

sequence being in this course I deport finded nearly the different curriculums, philosophies and theories. In this paper I will be discussing how to kick downstairs an appropriate curriculum for preschool sisterren. This paper will include the following topics the theories and/or philosophies of Montessori ideals requireed through with(predicate)out this course, how to apply them into an early squirthood schoolroom rivet on the understanding components to design a curriculum for a preschool schoolroom based on come alongs 3 to 5 year old children. first of every last(predicate) lets discuss the philosophies of both m be Montessori and Jean Piaget. Maria Montessori ideas and beliefs argon embedded throughout every early childhood computer programme and her influence on our specifying close curriculum has been profound. She was a unflagging child advocate and believed that all children deserve a proper education.Montessori insisted that through proper early educat ion, underprivileged and cognitively impaired children could be booming if they were given a chance to learn. She was one of the first to establish a preschool for poor and mentally retarded children in Rome these preschools were called Casa dei Bambini, which translated in face as Childrens House. Dr. Montessori proposed that children that be at risk and the nonion that corporation had a moral responsibility to devote resources to early child intervention. Our casebook states that. Montessori embraced and expanded Froebels kindergarten concept she felt that children were natural learners and should drive such(prenominal) of their own information. She asserted that children should be grouped in multiage (2 to 5 years) classes to throw in the towel flexibility and opportunities for peer mentoring. Montessori authentic an extensive set of didactic materials and lessons designed to be attractive to children and used by teachers to teach specific concepts and skills.She adeq uate furniture to child size as a gesture of wonder for the unmatched regards of early learners (Jaruszewicz, 2012). I agree with her philosophy and theory, because children do need the freedom to learn at their own pace and not to be pressured to do what they stick out some an different(prenominal) children do. It is also authorised the classroom learning environment to be attractiveso that it will suck the children to be there and learn bracing and exciting things. In gild to use the teaching method, the teachers must be trained to work with all children and understand that no one child develops the comparable as another. The other philosopher that I will discuss is Jean Piaget. A contemporary of both Montessori and Dewey, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development that initiated a constructivist view of curriculum (Jaruszewicz, 2012). Piaget conducted several experiments with young children that proved that their mental concepts ar learn ed through trial and error experiences. Young children will hold back to do things that they keep back been told not to do, until the consequence of their actions has been reached.For example, when a parent tells their child not to stack the building blocks up too high or they will fall on them which could lead to them being hurt the child continues to do that the same thing oer and over again to see if what their parent said is true. Once the child has seen the building blocks fall over on them is when they have learned that they dont need to do that. His work confirmed early learning as distinct from other developmental periods, implying, therefore, that materials and activities for young children should reflect the idiosyncratic way in which they think and process stimuli (Jaruszewicz, 2012). Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurs in four-spot different stages, three of which occur during early childhood. In the sensorimotor stage, infants and toddlers process expe rience and bewilder to coordinate movement through sensory exploration. Preoperational thinking of preschoolers emerges spontaneously, as they are internally motivated to make smack of their environment by scrutiny ideas and theories in tamper and exploration with materials (Jaruszewicz, 2012).Piaget and Montessori are the main philosophies that stood out to me in this course the most. Next I will discuss the Core cognition preschool sequence curriculum and the lands inside it. With strong focus on challenging, nevertheless appropriate subject matter, the Core intimacy Preschool Sequence and Teacher Handbook is unique among early childhood programs. It outlines a cumulative and coherent progression of acquaintance and skills in all developmental areas and integrates developmentally appropriate practices for both content and instruction. victimization the core knowledge curriculum serve wells with creating appropriate activities that prepare the preschool age children to le arn. Children arealways ready to learn as long as the teacher understands that, each child will be eager to learn in new and exciting ways. It is definitive for teachers to make sure that the reading that they wish to teach the children in the classroom is appropriate and fun.The Core Knowledge Preschool Sequence Curriculum focuses on five different areas Social Skills, archean Literacy skills in reading and writing, Mathematics, Science and Visual Arts. It is important for children to learn how to interact with other children their age early in their lives to develop their affable skills. unmatched of the many an(prenominal) things I love about Montessori is that Montessori teachers see the whole child-developmentally, academically, friendlyly, emotionally, and physically. at that place is a myth out there that says simply placing children in the same room and having them do activities helps them develop social skills. I disagree. Developing social skills needs to be a valu e in the classroom as well as modeled by the teachers/adults who are around the children. Using manners, demonstrating what Montessori called Grace and Courtesy and always being respectful of the child are key ingredients to helping a child develop social skills. in that respect are several ways to help expand childrens social skills.The activity that would be used to develop social skills would be to have the children sit in a circle on the floor, pass an intent around each child to take turns telling the class something about them. Whether it is there name, ducky color, parents name, how many sibling they may have, and so on When are playing together in the classroom they learn to take turns, shared things and playing with others in general helps them develop social skills. The development of linguistic process in early childhood classrooms is an umbrella for the Montessori curriculum. The teachers and parents consider activities on the shelves of the dustup area as the hea rt of actual speech learning. The techniques used in a Montessori classroom are different when it comes to teaching language and literacy. Teachers, parents, and administrators need to recognize communication as the foundation for the meaningful development of language concepts and skills. Effective communication depends on authentic relationships between communicative partners.Teachers have the responsibility (actually, the opportunity) to develop and expand learning relationships with young children. This is truly the eventual(prenominal) opportunity to make a difference. Seen in this light, conversations with young children onthe playground, during dramatics trips, on the way to the bathroom, in the midst of conflict resolution, during lessons, and countless other times constrain the context for the development of language skills. Relationships of trust are built between children and teachers and among peers. Classroom work further contributes to language concept and skill de velopment within this context of meaningful communication. It is important to bawl out children especially infants constantly, so they merchantman develop a strong sense of vocabulary. Children catch on to everything that they may hear. So it is definitely important to be cautious what language you use around children. Printed materials and images are strongly important in an early childhood classroom.These materials make the classroom attractive to children as well as make them want to learn about what those images and books mean. phonemic awareness is part of a balanced literacy program, and can be developed in several ways during shared reading and shared writing. shared out reading and shared writing typically occur during the language humanistic discipline time block, but may also occur during content-area learning. On to my favorite subject any grade level or age is mathematics. In an early childhood classroom, teaching young children mathematics somewhat docile and in so me cases not so much. Getting children ages three to four year olds to learn their hails and one to one correspondence can be a challenge, but it requires patience to teach the children the meaning of number awareness. Provide children with authentic, hands-on learning experiences-DO NOT USE WORKSHEETS. In preschool you should play to the childrens natural curiosities and look to your students interest to course lesson planning. You are setting up children for a lifetime of learning and you should create excitement around what you.Also, the more(prenominal) hands on the activity is, the more learning styles you are engaging, and the more the child enjoys it the more they will learn and retain Create activities that children are actively involved in learning something new, such as how to count and recognize numbers. Numbers are not the only thing that children can learn that is related to mathematics. Shapes are how to descry and recognize them are important as well. Teaching chi ldren about shapes and how many sides each one has involves numbers as well. Mathematics and Language go together because you are using vocabulary words to decide the shapes, numbers, etc. In conclusion, this paper touched on some important factors to help develop a developmentallyappropriate curriculum for preschool/pre-K age children. It is important to provide activities for young children and make sure the environment is a positive, quick and inviting one that children will want to come to school and learn new things. In this paper I discussed the standards for each core knowledge area to develop an appropriate curriculum for young children.ReferencesJaruszewicz, C. (2012). Curriculum and Methods for Early puerility Educators. In C. Jaruszewicz, Curriculum and Methods for Early Childhood Educators. San Diego Bridgepoint Education.

Automobile Industry in Bangldesh Essay

1. 1 Introduction zero(prenominal) days knowledge is non just con beauteousd to books and chassisrooms. Internship is such a program that helps to seek the knowledge and ascertaining of the courses and to map them in a concrete orbital cavity. Internship facts of life gives this opportunity to be eng suppu deemd in an organization where it is possible to leave an experience of the real disdain world and to see divers(prenominal) realistic aspects of education. merchandise Department of Chittagong University is committed to stupefy merchandising professionals for the market who go forth not still benefit the society as a self-co bring downed scarcely also wee path of a better next for the next generation.Internship program is a step towards fulfill this commitment by giving the students an opportunity to get ready for the real world in advance they enter into it. 1. 2 Research Issue This investigate is a necessary of the internship program for my MBA program. My supervisor Professor A. J. M. Nuruddin Chowdhury assigned me the fadeic. I guide attempt my level best to make it as an excellent sensation. I utilise wholly the latest info and entropy. I need been serving this union as an intern under Sales & Marketing Department for dickens months. I got privilege to put latest data.My job responsibility is to turn relationship with our pbegrudge and potential customers, gross gross sales products and provide supporter date to condemnation by giving latest products information. So, I am get the opportunity to be very close to the customer. I have the idea why customer choose, the condition of leave and the reason of using pragoti Industries Product. My supervisor Mr. Khayrul Haue officer of Sales & Marketing Department guides me succession to succession to make this report fruitful. 1. 3 Research Objectives The main designateing of this report is to have an assessment about over alone activities of sales & merchand ise section.How they manage all the selling exploit, what run it is providing to the customer and how agents ar acquiring benefit from it and finally what is the gain for pragoti from this project, in short how it is fiddleing up the requirements of the three stakeholders of the attach to. The objectives of the study ar as fol first-class honours degree To get the interoperable experience by doing job with expert of sales & marketing manager. To understand the drive structure of PIL. To understand the channels of PIL. To observe the business process & know the inputs procurement governance, warehousing system and the selling and distribution system of the association. To know the marketing and pricing policies of their products To know about the products & the quality of products produced by the company. To know the accounting system and the transparency in the preparation of the m 1tary statements. To know the application of the Corporate Governance in PIL To pr oduce a report that lead give a guideline to the future researchers or customers of the Pragoti Industries Ltd on the different aspects that are covered in this report. Finally, to suggest the direction with some recommendations so that the management can identify some of the defective areas in the organization and initiate necessary steps to bring changes in those areas. 1. 4 Research Methodology The current study is conducted primarily in participatory research analysis method and secondary on practical and theoretical analysis. The research supervisor proposed research topic. Primary and secondary data was collected from all possible source. The primary sources are as follows bill of the production and management sector of the company. Face-to-face conversation with the respective offices and stuffs of the sedulousness. associate field study as provided by the officer concerned. The secondary sources of data and the information are Web site address Book nates articles Internal magazine published by PIL Different brochures of PIL Information provided by my supervisor 1. 5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This internship report covers all the aspects of sell environment from all the three perspective, UBL, retailers and agent. This report also gives an overview about the company deal about the mission and goals of the company, the marketing mix & the strategies, competitive strategies etc.This report has been prepared by dint of extensive magnetic discussion with the customer, sales affix manager, and agent and with the former(a) stakeholder. While preparing this report, I had a great opportunity to have an in depth knowledge of sales activities of the Pragoti Industries Ltd. It also helped me to achieve a first-hand perception of a leading state run machine industriousness in Bangladesh. 1. 6 Limitation of the Study I have tried my best to collect the maximum information from the authority, management, production department and marketing departmen t.But I have faced the following problems To make a report it is very trouble full to collect the information from various personal for the job constrain. Planning & production departments has no appropriate maintenance of planning procedure and articles. Time is not sufficient for various activities to prepare a report. Non-availability of published data. Information was not provided due to business secrecy. Lack of adequate knowledge about research by peeled-sprung(prenominal) employee Non-availability of secondary data. Chapter- 2 Literature Review 2. 1 Introduction.Bangladesh is totally under break-danceed in the sector of locomotecar diligence. As It has no political machinemobile industriousness, the sector is totally depended on import, except a fewer travel- put together units. Due to increase measuring of film, requirement and increase every year it has to import a huge amount of railway cars from the opposite countries. But in recent times, Bangladesh gondolamobile industry is turning around, as a government issue topical anesthetic and foreign investor are interest about this sector for investment. So the sector has a great potentiality and prospect in the reading.Pragoti is the only state own locomote company in Bangladesh and it do & reclaim only government related automation production. Bangladesh machine tools Factory (BMTF) was arrive at in February 11, 1979 and it is the commercial automobile assembly plant, maintain by Bangladesh Army, especially for defense industry. Walton & Aftab is the greatheartedst Bangladeshi hidden automobile company in Bangladesh. Walton political party establish a vauntingly plant for motorbike production, on the other hand Aftab automobile is famous for bus approachingories assemble. pic.Mitsubishi Pajero will be set up in Bangladesh Mitsubishi Pajero, Hino Bus, Tata bus/Truck, Proton automobile maker company already buildup their production assemble plant in Bangladesh and here is the important news, near capital of Bangladesh, spatial relation name is Dolaikhal, is the largest automobile market in Bangladesh for expire & new automobile separate. 2. 2 Bangladesh near popular Automobile company harken Aftab Automobiles Pragoti TagAZ Bangladesh (Proposed) Mitsubishi Pajero Walton Bangladesh motorcar Tools Factory 2. 3 Auto move market of Bangladesh.Bangladesh automobile industry is not a big industry and maximum automobile part are imported from other countries . Besides, on that point is no quality local manufacturer of move and components. So, parts and components are in general imported from countries like Japan, UK, Taiwan, mainland China, Korea, Malaysia, USA, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, etc. The market of parts and components of this country is very small but expanding rapidly. Commercial importers import a bulk amount of parts and components that are distributed by wholesalers and retailers.Final users get the parts from the retailers and the retailers buy parts from the importers. However, on that point are also importers who have their own retail outlets. An assembler may also be an importer who requires a large quantity of parts and components for its assembling unit. A limited act of commercial importers import parts and components from different sources. In most cases, the assembler imports parts and components from the country where the rat is jobated. some(prenominal) assemblers crimson barter for parts and components directly from the big importers. on that point is another(prenominal) group inwardly the distribution channel of parts and components i. e. auto overhaul centers like garage, mechanical workshop, body building units, etc. The servicing centers purchase parts from the whole seller as well as from the retailer. abate users get parts and components from retailers dealing in different type and brand of automobile. Although no local manufacturer of quality parts does exist, but brisk negotiations are going on to set up joint accident parts and component manufacturing units with China, Korea and Taiwan.Present structure of parts and components market is graphically shown below pic In Bangladesh, neither we have an automobile industry nor a quality auto parts industry. So, the commonwealth of Bangladesh have no lighten idea about the automobile industry or auto parts and components and their employ. The market of auto parts and components is influenced by couple of elements.People trance purchase auto parts and components, they are influenced by several factors and these auto servicing centers, workshop and garage, motor pool managers, Institutional Importers (i. e.embassy), retailers, agents of branded automobile, 2. 4 Domestic parts and components industry Presently, there is no well-organized and quality manufacturer of parts and components in Bangladesh. Some low quality indigenous manufacturing of parts and components are there but they are carried out a gainst unique(predicate) ensnare to meet emergency requirement. There is no mass production to meet the requirements. Given below is some idea of what the local manufacturers try to produce Filters, radiators, radiator hoses, air filter housing Brake pads, brake drum, brake discElectrical parts such as battery, horn, wiring, wiper and washer assembly, head lights and other lights Trim and upholstery such as carpet, floor mat, rear contribution shelf, seat assembly, safety belt and melt damping sheet General parts such as paint and thinner, under seal, tires and tube, and mirrors. Chapter- 3 Growth & information of Automobile Industry in Bangladesh 3. 1 Bangladesh Automobile Prospect Bangladesh has a great prospect and potentiality in the development of automobile industry there has been an increasing trend in the use of all sorts of automobiles/ vehicles in Bangladesh.However, the change magnitude demand of individual types of automobile varies from case to case. As a result of increasing demand of individual the annual demand for automobile is increasing with a great speed an statistic show the demand has change magnitude into 30 percent than the expire year with the Improvement of roads and highways and increase figure of speech of bridge and culverts are also responsible for motivating mass to buy vehicles for their day to day activities. Again the Improvement of life personal manner in the urban areas is also responsible for the development automobile industry .With the passage of time the living standard of general people of BD has increased and they also turn into low class to middle class, middle class to stop digit class and in recent times the amount of upper middle class has increased which means additive demand for automobile There are also some another key reason for whom Bangladesh has a great potentiality in this industry. They are mentioned below administration annual development plan has given priority on development of automobil e industry Special attraction for Japan made vehicles locomote of Rickshaw little by little. Getting popularity of Small car/sports vehicle Rent-a-car getting popularity Reduction of tax on the new motor vehicles Govt. initiative to swim 10,000 commercial vehicles Expanded and increased volume of export and import 3. 2 Comparative scenario of different types of automobiles in Bangladesh A comparative scenario of different vehicles and their usage trend may be explained as below (a) Motorcycle The use of pedal in Bangladesh is increasing day by day by a new group of users. Motorcycle is extensively used in Bangladesh in 2 rural and urban areas.The use of cycle has gradually increased in Bangladesh due to easy to drive easy access to remote location cheapest transport Longevity of the vehicle easy to call and park at any place. The general users are the students, individual businessmen, officials of marketing companies and pharmaceutical industries. Over the last one and a half decades, the field level officials of different non- government organizations have been using a large number of bicycles. In Bangladesh, both locally assembled motorcycle and imported motorcycle are acquirable for intending users as detailed below(i) Locally assembled motorcycle Mainly, there are about 20 locally assembled brands. For example ATLAS, EMMA, NITOL and SINGER. List of the local motorcycle assembling houses is given in the annex. (ii) Imported motorcycle There are at least 7-8 different regular brands of motorcycle and these are Honda CD 80, Yamaha, Suzuki from Japan, Xinfu, Jangshen, Jailing, Hero, TVS Victor, Yamaha, Suzuki, Bajaj, Vespa, etc. (b) Auto jinrikisha / Three oscillationers There has been a phenomenal increase in the number of auto rickshaw and tampoo in Bangladesh. Now, it is an important vehicle in Bangladesh.Low and middle class family members mainly use these vehicles. But, the government of Bangladesh has already banned these ii vehicles to repeal environmental pollution. It is estimated that presently there are 160,000 auto rickshaws including unauthorized units in capital of Bangladesh City alone. There has been a phenomenal. However, effective 1st September,cc2, the deuce stroke auto rickshaw will be totally banned, which is judge to dramatically reduce the requirement of parts for these type of vehicles, but increase demand for the new CNG auto rickshaw and three stroke auto rickshaws will be there with increased demand for parts and components.(c) Motorcars increase demand, stinting development and changed life style have resulted in a great increase in the number of motor cars and the demand for motor cars is still increasing day by day. Both brand new and reconditioned cars are imported into the country. Statistics show that majority of the people usually choose reconditioned motorcars more than brand new cars due to lower expenditure. In Bangladesh, more than 65% of the total motorcars are coming from Ja pan. Many Bangladeshis living in Japan involve themselves in reconditioned car business.Recently, the government has put an age restriction on the import of reconditioned motor cars. Reconditioned cars more than 3 days old can not be imported. The government has also reduced the duties and taxes on the import of new cars to discourage reconditioned car import. Impact is that people now can buy new cars at a credible price having longer durability. The government has introduced new system of taxicab in 1998. As a result, the number of motorcars has been increasing. But, the requirement of spare parts and components will be lesser.Again, after the 1st September 2002, the ban of auto rickshaw will lead to a significant increase in motorcars mainly in the form of taxi cabs. Use of motorcars has increased tremendously, which is evident from the statistics for the last five years shown in the chart below (d) Light & loaded down(p) commercial vehicles (bus, minibus, truck, pick-up, etc) Like the motorcar, there has been an increasing trend in the number of light and heavy commercial vehicles that include mini bus, bus, human howlers, rider carriers, trucks, pick-ups, covered vans, large covered vans, etc.Over the last one decade, the use of these types of vehicles has increased at a high rate. This is due to increased demand for the these types of vehicles/automobiles effectively backed by institutional financial meet to procure them. This growth rate will continue to increase in the near future. The average growth rate is 5. 63% and 4,644 in the number of vehicles annually. (e) Farm and plain equipment/vehicles Also, there is an increasing trend in the number of farm and agricultural equipment/vehicles due to increased application of modern tools and techniques in farming and agricultural production.Now-a-day, agricultural vehicles like force play tiller, tractor and trailers are existence used in the rural areas more frequently than the past. During the last one decade, various agricultural development projects funded by the different donor agencies have been implemented in the rural areas and under those programs, the farmers were given financial facilities through NGOs and banks to procure modern agricultural equipment including farm vehicles. One of the key elements that made this possible is the availability of lease financing facilities in the country and the large amount of agricultural credit funds.It has been observed that there is a valid growth in the number of agricultural equipment every year. This growth rate will continue to increase in the near future provided there is no drastic change in the government policy relating to agricultural sector like reduction in the subsidy and assistance and low cost fund for the farmers. The average annual growth rate is 2. 5% and 125 in number of vehicles every year. 3. 3 Estimated demand of automobile /vehicles in Bangladesh.Taking into consideration the future prospects and also keep ing the resent growth pace influenced by various elements discussed earlier, it is expected that there would an additional increase in the use of vehicles. In view of the possible new avenues and prospects and looking into the weighted average growth rate of 6%, table below shows estimated demand for the next five years. Table Projected demand of automobile /vehicles in Bangladesh Vehicle/Year Taxi Bus/ Minibus Tractor 3,646 plate 11, Agrabad C/A, Finley sign of the zodiac (3rd floor) P.O. box no. 73 Chittagong4100, Bangladesh Location of the manu milling machinery Barabkund, Dhaka-Chittagong Highway, Sitakund, Chittagong. Year of establishment 1966 under private ownership Nationalized Time afterwards liberation of Bangladesh on 11th May, 1972 typefaces of operation Assembling the Transport Vehicles Operated By Bangladesh Steel and Engineering Corporation under the Ministry of industry Company Type Autonomous Initial Authorized Capital 20 Cores, Divided into 20, 00,000 shares tk100/- pay Capital.25 Lakhs, Divided into 25,000 no. of Ordinary Shares. Products Car Assembling, Automotive part Main sources of CMD Kits from Vauxhall Motors of England American Motors Corporation (AMC) of USA Isuzu Motors Corporation, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, Nissan & Toyota Motors of Japan KIA Motors, Daewoo Motors of Korea Aelous, Dong Feng of China HML TATA, Swaraj Mazda, Mahindra & Mahindra, Maruti, Eicher and Ashok Leyland of India Recent Initiative A CNG Conversation Unit is established in Tejgoan Workshop at Dhaka. Nature of Business Govt. approved automobiles marketing company, bushel Distributor of Isuzu, Suzuki vehicles from Japan and Bajaj, Swaraj Mazda & Maruti vehicles from India. Parts & Accessories, Sawafuji & Suzuki beginning from Japan, Scott & English industrial Generator from Singapore & G. S. Automotive battery from Indonesia Initial production capacity (Approximately) 200 Present production capacity (Approximately ) 900 Logo pic Website http//www. bsec. gov. bd/html/ent_progoti.php .4. 2 organise of Pragoti Industries Limited The sky is not the limit for them but their expectations are at heart limit. Their imagination soars beyond conventional barriers. They share their destiny with their beloved motherland. They expect to serve her the better in the greater quest for discipline economic emancipation.. 4. 3 Mission of PIL We shall be at the forefront of automobile industry development by Anticipating automobiles required by all our customers everywhere and innovatively preparation them beyond expectation. Setting industry benchmarks of world class standard in delivering customer value through our comprehensive product range, customer attend and all our activities Building an exciting team-based working environment that will attract, develop and retain employees of exceptional ability who help celebrate the success of our business, of our customers and of national development Mainta ining the highest ethical standards and a community responsibility worthy of a leading integrated citizen Continuously improving productivity and profitability. 4. 4 vision of PIL.To be in thee forefront of national development by providing all the customers inspirational strength, dependable support and the most comprehensive range of vehicle solutions, through our team of professionals who work passionately to be outstanding in everything we do. 4. 5 Organizational structure of the Pragoti Industries Ltd. (Agrabad Branch) Branches of Pragoti Industries Limited Chittagong mogul 11, Agrabad C/A, Finley House (3rd floor), post box no. 73, Chittagong. Production Factory Barabkund, Dhaka-Chittagong Highway, Sitakund, Chittagong. Dhaka piazza 151-152, Tejgaon C/A, Dhaka-1208.Pragoti Industries Limited (Local Management) Name Position Engr. Md. Nazmul Huda Managing music director Md. Mustafizur Rahman General conductor ( Marketing & Admin) Engr. Md. Ali Chowdhury Addl. Chief Eng ineer (purchase) Engineer Nizamul Haque Addl. Chief Engineer (In arraign Plant) Dr. Zubaid-Ur-Rahman Addl. Chief Medical Officer Md. Ashraful Haider Khandaker DGM (Com) Md. Golam Nabi Deputy Chief Accounts Officer Md. Faridul Islam DGM (com) Dhaka Office Board of Directors (PIL Company Board) Sl. Name Designation 1 Md. Ataur Rahman hot seat Chairman, BSEC. predict88-02-8114616, 8112808. 2 Mr. Md. Forhad Uddin Director Addl. Secretary, Ministry of Industries. Telephone 88-02-9563561, 7194156 (Res. ) 3 Mr. P R Borua Director Rtd. DIG. Phone 88-02-8912414 4 Mr. Sheikh Md. Mobarak Hossain. Director Director (Planning & Development), BSEC Telephone 88-02-8130473, 9338429 5 Mr. A T M Pearul Islam Director Telephone 88-02-8122898, 9348371 cubicle 01711895957 6 Mr. Capt. (Retired) K. A. K. Modabber Hossain Director Secretary , BSEC Telephone 88-02-8121451Res 8757332 7 Mr.Dider Mohammad Abdur Rab Director Genarel Manager, Office of the Gene ral Manager, Sonali Bank Ltd,Chittagong. 8 Engr. A. k. M. Solayman Haque Managing Director Managing Director, Pragoti Industries Ltd. Telephone 88-031-723110, 725712 9 Mr. Md. Helal Uddin Director General Manager, Janata Bank Ltd, Divisional Office, 27 Agrabad C/A, Chittagong. Chapter- 5 Marketing organization of pragoti industry The Marketing & Sales Department of PIL is one of the most important departments of PIL.In this department, there are one DGM (Depute general manager), two assistant manager and four executives. They are smart, energetic, experienced and high educated. They are capable of handling clients and selling the products in the efficient and effective way. pic post & Responsibilities of Marketing & Sales Department ? Providing Quotation among prospect about inquiry. ? Receiving locate from different prospect or customer. ? Selecting specific model for customer from factory on behalf of their choice. ? Direction to factory engineer for mad e up pre necessity model base on customer choice. ? Delivery the order pre specific date.? Receiving product price through notes, chque, or money receipt. ? Deposit that amount into accounts department. ? Attending seminar, symposium as part of marketing activities. ? Input all of sales & money receipt in respective journal. Chapter- 6 Marketing go strategies of Pragoti Industries 6. 1 Product As we have known that Pragoti industries limited does not produce auto mobiles but only assembles the auto mobiles. After assembling it mainly markets the following products Product name and model, origin of CKD & country of origin Sl No Product name salutary example Origin of CKD ( ClOSE knap DOWN) Country of origin 1 MITSUBISHI PAJERO 4.4 LWB WGON MITSUBISHI MOTOR JAPAN V31VHNDKB connection 2 MITSUBISHI PAJERO KH4WGNMR MITSUBISHI MOTOR JAPAN CR-45 participation 3 TATA TC bus topology LP01316 TC TATA ENGINEERING & INDIA LOCOMOTIVE COMPANY LTD. 4 TATA mini motortruck LPT 709 TATA ENGINEERING & INDIA LOCOMOTIVE COMPANY LTD. 5 ASHOK LEYLAND MINI TRUCK HR-55 ASHOK LEYLAND LTD INDIA 6 NISSAN NAVARA PIC UP YD25DDTI NISSAN MOTORS LTD. JAPAN 7 MITSUBISHI MICROBUS L-300 P13WHLNDER MITSUBISHI MOTOR JAPAN CORPORATION Pragoti Industries ltd. Product name, model & Specification/FeaturesSl No Product Name Model Specification/Features 1 MITSUBISHI PAJERO 4. 4 LWB WGON Long wheel base, 5 door, 9 set ( approved by BRTA), Petrol engine 4. 4, 4 cylinder, V31VHNDKB 86 k. w. vaulting horse precedent/117 PS/5500 RPS, drive by right hand, ruffianly top metal, 2350 CC, wheel base 2725 m. m. , digital clock, cigarette lighter, fold belt, power steering, 1 additional wheel with cover. Co lour BLACK 2 MITSUBISHI PAJERO CR-45 KH4WGNMR Long wheel base, 5 door, 7 set ( approved by BRTA), Diesel engine 4 WD, 4 cylinder, 100 k. w.horse power/136 PS/3500 RPS, drive by right hand, hard top metal, 2477 CC, wheel base 2800 m. m. , p ower steering, 1 additional wheel with cover. Co lour BLACK,SILVER 3 TATA TC BUS LP01316 TC Tata LPO-1316/55TC,52 set Deluxe bus, power steering, 4*2, fag by right hand,6 cylinder, horse power 160PS/K. W120/2500 RPM, water supply cold, Diesel engine, Wheel footing 5545 CC,1additionl wheel. 4 TATA MINI TRUCK LPT 709 Tata LPT-709 EX, 3. 5 ton truck chassis, 4. *2, 4 cylinder, 3783 CC, Turbo Charge inter cooled, diesel engine, Drive by right hand, Wheel Base 3400 CC, output 66.3 km,90 PS/2400RPS,1additionl wheel. 5 ASHOK LEYLAND MINI Truck HR-55 HR-55 in 1. 5 ton mini truck chassis, 4 cylinder, 2771 CC in line over beware volt direct injection, water cold, diesel engine, power steering, output 59 k. w/3600RPM, 6 NISSAN NAVARA PIC UP YD25DDTI Double Cabin 4/4, Dingell pick up,2488 (2500) CC, 4 Door, 5set with driver, power steering, 128 horse power/4000 RPS, Wheel Base 3200, radio, Digital Clock, CD player, power Window, Bumper 7 MITSUBISHI MICRO BUS P13WHLNDER 5 door (Sliding both side), 12 set ( approved by BRTA), 4.2 cylinder, 86 k. w. L-300 horse power/114 PS/5750 RPS, drive by right hand, hard top metal, power steering, 1 additional wheel with cover, bilt in ac . Co lour WHITE 6. 2 Services In case of providing services Pragoti industries limited is not exception. Like other automobiles industries it provides services which are followings every product has one year warrantee. All repairmen services are provided through 7 (seven) servicing agents of Pragoti Industries Ltd which are situated at Dhaka and Chittagong. A. Dhaka city No. of agents -05.The servicing agents are at Motijeel, Fakirarpul, Tejgaon, Baridhara and Tongi. B. Chittagong City No. of servicing agents 02. The servicing agents are at Sholoshahar and Jamal Khan Lane Product. 6. 3 Pricing de lineine is the element of the marketing mix that produces revenue the other elements produce costs. Price is the easiest marketing mix elements to adjust product features, channel, and even promotion take more time. Price also communicates to the market the companys intended value position of its product and brand. Companies set prices by selecting a general pricing approach that includes one or more of three sets of factors.We examine these approaches the cost base approach (cost plus pricing, break-even analysis, and direct profit pricing) the buyer-based approach (value-based pricing) and the competition-based approach (going rate and sealed bid pricing) Pragotis pricing Method Pragoti fo0llows the cost- based method in setting prices of all its products. They consider different prices and estimate break-even volumes, probable demand, and profits for each. Pragoti Industries ltd. Product name, price per unit & payment terms Sl No Product Name Price per unit Payment terms 1 MITSUBISHI PAJERO 4.4 55,00,000 full cash 3,05,000 Total=58,05,000 2 MITSUBISHI PAJERO CR-45 75,00,000/= Fully cash 76,000/= With additio nal fittings Total=75,76,000 3 TATA TC BUS 24,58,000 35% in down payment, additional 65% paid 18% interest with 36 monthly installment. 4 TATA MINI TRUCK 16,50,000 Fully cash 5 ASHOK LEYLAND MINI Truck 16,50,000 Fully cash 6 NISSAN NAVARA PIC UP 41,72,000 Fully cash 7 MITSUBISHI MICROBUS 28,50,000 Fully cash L-300 6. 4 PromotionIn recent time marketing not only calls for just developing a impregnable product but also pricing it attractively and making it available to the targeted customer. Companies also must communicate with their customers and they try to create a good customer relation among them. To communicate well, the firm often hires advertising agencies to develop effective advertisement, give appointment to active experienced officers and executives, give on line services to the big businessmen or organization, and create a private relationship with clients. As PIL assembles automobiles for selective customers it spends less than the others.It mainly uses two types promotion. They are Consumer promotion tools & Advertising 6. 4. 1 Consumer promotion tools Short term incentive to encourage the sales of service or products of the firm is called sales promotion. PIL uses the following Consumer promotion tools they are Price Pack At the time of festival PIL offer some special discount for Suzuki vehicles. Cash rejoin offer PIL still thinking about it. Patronage reward For corporate sales (Huge quantity) special discount offering. 6. 4. 2 Advertising publicizing is the fine art of convincing people that the doors to open standards are never closed.The Advertisement plan & campaign plan are similar in line & structure. It matches the right audience to the right Message & represents it in the right long suit to reach that audience. Objective of advertising plan are Create ken among 60% of target audience. Pragoti industries use the following media for advertising its products. They are report Advertise publish in The Daily Newspap er with multi colour, regarding after sales service facilities. Direct place New products separate sends by direct direct with product specification, advantage and design.Calendar any year Pragoti Publishes colourful and attractive calendar with picture of their products. Direct mail New products catalogue sends by direct mail with product specification. Advertising problems PIL often can not advertise in the media since it is very expensive and difficulty in the corporate level. Finance 6. 4. 3 Distribution Channel Most of the Producers use intermediaries to bring their products to market. They try to act upon a distribution channela set of interdependent organizations complex in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user.The distribution functions of PIL are made by 32 dealers. Functions of the dealers Sell the cars to the private company, people or NGO which are produced by the 1st party. here(predicate) Pr agoti is the 1st party, They cannot sell other companys cars except the Pragoti within the duration of the contract, The full payment will be collected by them from the buyers, Help the buyers in taking permission from BRTA, Will sell at least 40 cars within the deed duration, The performance will be evaluated after 6 months. Dealership will be cancelled if they hand out to achieve the quota.