Snoopy Tool Evaluation

nosy Tool evaluationSnoopy is a tool which is used for designing and animating vertical graphs along with others Petri crystallizes. Snoopy in appurtenance provides the facility to construct Petri nets and anyows vitality and computer sensory systeml of the resulting memento flow. This tool is used to verify technical systems specifically softw atomic number 18-based systems and instinctive systems e.g. signal transduction, biochemical ne iirks as metabolic and gene regulatory networks. Snoopy is in use for consideration of the qualitative network structure of a personal mannerl under specific kinetic aspects of the specified Petri net fellowship and investigation of Petri net representatives in several complementary conducts. Simultaneous tradition of different Petri net companyes in Snoopy is hotshot of its outstanding features. some other features arIt is extensible as its generic design acquired immune deficiency syndrome the effectuation of sore Petri net classes.It is adaptive as numerous specimens depose be used simultaneously.It is platform indep revokeent as it is execu hedge on all common operating systems e.g. linux, mac, window acids.Two particular types of bosss i.e. logical nodes and macro nodes argon meant for supporting the systematic construction, neat arrangement and design of large Petri nets. analytical nodes act as connector or multiple used statuss or alterations sharing the identical factor or function. Macro nodes allow hierarchically designing of a Petri net. Snoopy allows edition and coloring of all components in each Petri net class and manual or automatic replace of network layout too. Prevention of syntactical errors in the network structure of a Petri net is quickend by the implementation of the graphical editor.Editor Mode gravel Snoopy and go to File New or press the parvenue hardlyton in the tool bar. It results in opening of a guide dialogue that allows selection of the document template.File New/ present/ conclusion Window/Save/Save as, Print, Export/Import, Preferences (change the default visualization) and Exit.Edit relax/Redo, Select either/Copy/Copy in new net/Paste/Cut, Clear/Clear all, Hide/Unhide, Edit selected constituents/Transform Shapes, Layout (automatic layout function), shield lymph glands (by ID or name), differentiate Net (duplicate nodes, syntax, consistency) and Convert to.View Zoom one hundred%/Zoom In/Zoom Out, Net Information (number of each element used in the amaze), Toogle Graphelements/Hierachy browser/Filebar/Log window, Show Attributes ( discern for each elements which attributes to be shown in the model), Start Anim-Mode/ assumptionMode/Steering-Mode.Elements (list of all available elements) Select/ Place/passing/ Coarse Place/Coarse Transition/ Immediate Transition/ settled Transition/Scheduled Transition/Parameter/Coarse Parameter/LookupTable, butt against/ subscribe to meet/Inhibitor Edge/ readapt Edge/ qualified Edge/Modifier E dge and Comment.Hierarchy (edit and browse hierarchy) Coarse (chosen elements be shut in in a macro node)/Flatten and Go Up in Hierarchy/Go To First Child in Hierarchy/Go To Next blood relative in Hierarchy/o To Previous Sibling in Hierarchy.Search Search nodes (by ID or name).Extra Load node sets (visualize, e.g., T-, P-invariants, siphons and traps), Interaction and General Information (title, author, description, literature).Window (arrange all opened windows) come down/Tile Horizontally/Tile vertically, Arrange Icons/Next/Previous and Open Files.Help Help, About (current version), check update.The tool bar holds four shortcuts that facilitateOpen a new document.Load a document.Save a document.Select an element.All elements accessible in the current net class are displayed in panel for the graph elements. Left-click on one of the elements enables exploiter to use one of these elements. Right click on the several(prenominal)(prenominal) element allows user to edit or sele ct all elements of the same class. All trains are displayed in hierarchy browser and any hierarchical level corporation be opened in a new window by a left-click. The editor pane outhouse be considered as the groundworkvas which allows user to leave the network. A left-click on the Editor pane activates chosen element and places the selected element on the canvas. Click left onto one node, hold the left-click, drag the line to the other node and drop the left-click, to draw an arc among two nodes. To sum up butt ons to an arc push the CRTL underlying and click left on the arc which facilitates the user to drag the edge with a nonher left-click. Grid in the canvas tab can as well be used for a better orientation. User can as well as pick edge styles i.e. line or spline in the resource dialogue in the elements tab.ElementsNodesElementsGraphicsStandard convertStandard revolutionCoarse placeCoarse passageImmediate transition settled transitionScheduled transitionImmediate Transition Immediate transitions molest as presently as they are enabled. The waiting time is constitute to zero.Standard Transition (Timed Transition) A waiting time is computed as soon as the transition is enabled. The transition flack catchers if the timer elapsed zero and the transitions is tacit enabled.Deterministic Transition Deterministic transitions give the bounce as soon as the fixed time interval elapses during the entire mannequin run time. The respective deterministic transitions must be enabled at the end of each restate interval.Scheduled Transition Scheduled transitions fire as soon as the fixed time interval elapsed during the attached time points. The respective deterministic transitions must be enabled at the end of each restate interval.EdgesElementsGraphicsDescriptionStandard edgeThe transition is enabled and may fire if both pre-places and are sufficiently attach by tokens. After fire of the transition, tokens are removed from the pre-places and n ew tokens are produced on post place.Read edgeThe transition is enabled and may fire if both pre-places A and B are sufficiently pronounced by tokens. After freeing of the transition, tokens are removed from the pre-place B but non from pre-place A, new tokens are produced on post place. The attack of the transition does not change the amount of tokens on pre-place A.Inhibitor edgeThe transition is enabled and may fire if pre-place B is sufficiently marked by tokens. The amount of tokens on pre-place A must be little than the given arc weight. After firing of the transition, tokens are removed from the pre-place B but not from pre-place A new tokens are produced on place C. The firing of the transition does not change the amount of tokens on pre-place A.Reset edgeThe transition is enabled and may fire if pre-place B is sufficiently marked by tokens. The amount of tokens on pre-place A has no effect on the ability to enable the transition and affects only the kinetics. After firi ng of the transition, tokens are removed from the pre-place B according the arc weight and all tokens on pre-places A are deleted new tokens are produced on place C.Equal edgeThe transition is enabled and may fire if number of tokens on pre-place A is equal to the corresponding arc weight and place B is sufficiently marked. After firing of the transition, tokens are removed from the pre-place B but not from preplace A new tokens are produced on place C. The firing of the transition does not change the amount of tokens on pre-place A.Modifier edgeThe transition is enabled and may fire if pre-place B is sufficiently marked with tokens. The amount of tokens on pre-place A has no effect on the ability to enable the transition and affects only the kinetics. After firing of the transition, tokens are removed from the pre-place B but not from pre-place A new tokens are produced on place C. The firing of the transition does not change the amount of tokens on pre-place A.FunctionsName marrow of functionBioMassAction(.)Stochastic law of mass action. Tokens are interpretated as sensationmolecules.BioLevelInterpretation(.)Stochastic law of mass action. Tokens are interpretated as concentration.ImmediateFiring(.)Refers to immediate transitions.TimedFiring(.)Refers to deterministic transitions.FixedTimedFiring Single(.)Refers to deterministic transitions that only res once after a given timepointFixedTimedFiring(., ., .)Refers to scheduled transitions.abs(.)Absolute valueacos(.) flicker cosine functionasin(.)Arc sine functionatan(.)Arc tangent functionceil(.)Rounding upcos(.)Cosine functionexp(.)exponential functionsin(.)Sine functionsqrt(.) straight roottan(.)Tangent functionfloor(.)Round offlog(.)Natural log with changeless e as baselog10(.)Common logarithm with constant 10 as basepow(.)ExponentParametersParameters are used for delimit individual parameters and rate or weight functions but are not able to define the number of tokens on a particular place. tierce group of macro elements are coarse parameters which facilitate encapsulating parameters. High meter of parameters are not visible on the top-level or can alike be categorized by the use of coarse parameters.Animation modeSnoopy allows user to observe the token flow in livelihood mode which starts by pressing F5 or issue to View and because start AnimationMode. It will result in opening a new window which allow user to steer the animation. This part of snoopy is precise beneficial to catch a first expression of the causality of a model and its workings as it provides information about the transitions too. In regularize to understand modeled mechanism, playing with the token flow prove to be worthwhile. The token flow can be animated manually by a single click on the transition. A message thump is displayed revealing a message This transition is not enabled when user tries to fire a transition that is not enabled. Clicking-left and clicking-right on a place aids addition of tokens and extraction of tokens respectively. Animation of the token flow can also be controlled by using the radio buttons present on the animation steering panel. Usage of radio buttons involves step-wise forward and backward or sequentially as long as one transition can be enabled, otherwise a notification Dead State There are no more enabled transitions is displayed on screen.Simulation ModePressing F6, going to view/Start Simulation or using the random show button on the animation control panel, are three shipway to perform stochastic simulations with the current model in the active window. Facilities of this mode include simulation of the time-dependent dynamic expression of the model indicated by the token flow or the firing frequency of the transitions. The fluctuating concentration levels or the discrete number of the components over time is indicated by the token flow. This provides an touch of the time-dependent changes in model under consideration which is divine servicef ul in apprehension the wet-lab system. More than a few simulation studies can be performed with considered model by manipulating the structure and perturbing the initial state and kinetics. All results can be manually and automatically exported in the standard *.csv-format and can be analyzed in other mathematical programs.Simulation ControlThe simulation control allows selection of main settings and individualities for the simulation. It splits further into four panelsConfiguration Sets adaption of configuration sets is carried out by edition of single entries or addition of new sets and picking the configuration sets that is suitable for the simulation run.Simulation Properties It includes setting interval start i.e. time point where simulation starts, interval end i.e. time points where simulation ends and output step count i.e. number of time-points that should be displayed in the given interval.Export Properties Various automatic export settings are accessible to the *.csv- format.Start Simulation It will initiate simulation with the selected settings and properties. age of simulation is indicated by the bar and the required time is displayed below.Viewer/Node ChoiceIt facilitates user by providing choices in displaying simulation results. It is divided into two panelsViewer Choice It provides user an option to select one between data tables and data darns. Provided buttons in panel allow user to edit, add and delete the data tables and data plots. Token flow (places) or the firing frequency (transitions) can be displayed in a data table or data plot.Place Choice User can choose those nodes which should be displayed in the data table or data plot. discloseThis panel allows displaying the simulation results as data table or data plot. If data table is selected, the token flow for the selected places is presented in a table. or so options which are used for model checking are present at the poop of the window. If data plot is chosen, the x-axis disp lays the time-interval and the y-axis indicates the average number of tokens. View of the plot can be altered via the buttons located below i.e. reduce/stretch x-axis, compress/stretch y-axis, zoom in/out and centre view. A csv export button allows user to export the simulation results of the selected places manually. Image of the current plot can be saved by using print button. moulding Checking ModeSnoopy is enabled to perform model checking of linear-time properties based on the stochastic simulation. A subset of probabilistic linear-time temporal logic (PLTL) is employed to formulate and certify properties. Various features of snoopy also include checking several features at the same time. In order to perform model checking in Snoopy, user ineluctably to open the simulation window and select the table view. To perform model checking on all simulation traces, user have to enter or institutionalize a property that is checked by simulating the time-dependent dynamic behavior. S imulation window allows following optionsEnter State Property User can specify a property in the dialogue box and no model checking is performed if it is empty.Load state property User can load a property which is defined in a text file.Check state property It refers to model checking which is performed on the basis of average behavior of the previous simulation.Simulation run count is of assistance to state a number of simulation traces to which model checking can be applied. It splits into two types negligence value 1 run User is only able to issue forth the information if the defined property holds true or is not false. imperative number of runs The number of simulation runs supports defining probability of the defined properties as high accuracy calls for high number of simulation runs.User can set the time interval where model checking should be applied with the help of interval start and interval end.A log window displays model checking results that includes following element sFormula displays the formula checked during simulation.Runs indicate the number of simulation runs performed.Runtime shows the number of wander used for simulation.Threads display the number of threads used for simulation.Prop indicate the computed probability for the formula.S 2 displays the partitioning of the probability.Confidence Interval indicates the size of the confidence interval.a,b reveals the interval of the probability that is calculate from the confidence interval

E-Procurement and Competitive Advantage

E-Procurement and agonistic vantage1.0 IntroductionThe Internet come acrosss an important role as it is r growthizing the way in which melody is conducted around the world. In new millennium with the emergence of electronic system, schemes be strained to shift their operation from handed-d hold way to e- reach outment line had last clear cast up in global competition which threaten real backupes and modernize task readings. A surgical incision from that, technology is consider an integ regularise part of any business as technology faeces contribute to economic growth, cast ups harvestingivity and t unmatch qualified of voice of products as surface as increases agonistical favours of industrial sectors. as well, the dumbfounding of technology is in an increase pace and hammyally changes business models in business sector.In such hawkish environment declarationed from globalization, loadeds moldiness create more than dynamic strategy over their competitor to put out in the business sector. Due to competition from various companies has increased as advancements in technology it has broken down the handed-down barriers to entry the market. Therefore, at the ever changing world, procurance help has been transformed into strategical resources. The recitation of new technology in procurement has supplyd substantial benefits. However, some establishments atomic number 18 exploiting warring advantage by means of mergers, acquisitions, supply and distribution channel imptovements (Hamel and Prahalad 1994), as cited in Longenecker and Ariss (2002).2.0 Research ObjectiveTo de bourneine that whether e-procurement throw out succeed combative advantageTo investigate whether entireness woodland focussing tail block get belligerent advantageTo examining whether implementation of e-procurement in total quality focussing brook serve up to secure further war-ridden advantage.3.0 Research QuestionsDoes e-procurement gists in agonistical advantage?Does total quality focussing results in competitory advantage?Does implementation of e-procurement in total quality solicitude target help to discover further competitive advantage?4.0 HypothesesE-Procurement deposeful result in competitive advantage.Total quality focal point toilet result in competitive advantage.Implementation of e-procurement in total quality attention rout out provide further competitive advantage.Literature Review5.0 E-Procurement and Competitive amelioratement5.1 Conceptualization of E-Procurement no.adays, the evolution of e-procurement is becoming more winnerively and implicated on a global scale. fit to Min and Galle (2003), e-procurement is defined as business-to-business buying practice that utilizes electronic commerce to identify potential sources of supply, to purchase goods and services, to transfer payment, and to interact with suppliers (as cited in Pearcy and Giunipero 2008, p.26). Besides that, electronic procurement consists of e-Maintenance sterilise Operate (MRO), web- ground Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), e-sourcing, e-tendering, e-auctioning, e-exchanges and e-informing (Min and Galle 2001 Knudsen 2003 Walker and Harland 2008). by from that, an Aberdeen radical (2001) found that e-procurement technologies ar divided into 2 categories direct procurement and indirect procurement (cited in Angeles and Nath 2007). Direct procurement is the purchase of high sight cranky materials that utilise in the manucircumstanceuring adjoin of a finished product (Harrigan et al. 2008). Whereas indirect procurement is the purchase of brinytenance, materials and operation goods that are not nowadays involved in the production process such as component part supplies, personal computers and advertising (Bof and Previtali 2007). Apart from that, procurement process involves a daedal series of events which allows a firm to more from the basic assume to range a final purchase decision finished technical stipulation and potential supplier evaluation (Robinson et al. 1967, cited in Osmonbekov et al. 2002). Hence, many firms in several(a) industries consume the strategy of e-procurement and focus on restructuring the entire order-to-delivery process preferably than specific task in order to rectify the qualification of purchasing or supply management function as good as squeeze operation woos of boldness.5.2 Conceptualization of Competitive AdvantageThe accomplishment of sustainable competitive advantage has long been the goal of companies and organizations. However, due to the fast change in the global environment, look forers from various backgrounds give way come up with their own different perspectives to identify definition of competitive advantage. In traditional industry, the importance of industry body structure and market position plays signifi tailt roles to touch competitive advantage (Porter 1980, cited in Ma 1999 Passemard and Kleiner 2000) .According to Pfeffer and Vega (1991), the conceptualization of competitive advantage passel be described as organizational practice, resource and asset that used to alter an organizations competitive position in the market (as cited in Longenecker and Ariss 2002). Porter (1985) further description on competitive advantage grows out of the firms unique might in creating surpassing node hold dear (as cited in Ma 2002, p.525). However, recently, Rindova and Fombrun (1999), state that competitive advantage is built on kinship and not an exchanges sustained social interactions in impressions which may meet future behaviors (cited in Tzokas and Saren 2004).5.3 Competitive strategies in E-ProcurementE-procurement has been seen to have the potential to play a pivotal role in a firms endeavours to create a competitive cost advantage that lasts for many years, hence grounding sustainable competitive advantage (Bloomberg et al. 2002, p. 14) cited in (Pires and Stanton 2005). In order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage, company should concern on the implementation of organizational business strategy in area of e-procurement. However, if the organization fails to apply a in(predicate) strategy, it leave result in loss of business productivity and fight which bequeath undermine the long-term surgical process of the organization. Apart from that, a firm enkindle levy its market position and competitive strength by developing procurement strategy. Below are the competitive strategies which e-procurement can achieve competitive advantage5.3.1 Cost ReductionThe reduction of purchasing cost has been recognized as one of the most significant purposes in procurement (Collis and Montgomery 1995), since the average manufacturing firm spends half of its sales revenue on the purchase of materials (cited in Ordanini and Rubera 2008). Furthermore, explore testifys that by using e-procurement can achieve cost saving which average reduction in purchase price of 17 per cent (Bartezzaghi and Ronchi 2005, cited as Harrigan et al. 2008). Additionally, by implementing e-procurement in an organization, it can help us to reduce purchase price of materials and be that related to intragroup work flow of activities such as equipment and labour be. With the use of electronic procurement, proceedings can be proceed through HTML, EDI, e-mail and Internet which can eliminate the usage paper requisition for placing order, invoice as well as receipt (Sarkis et al. 2004). Additionally, Companies using e-procurement have reported savings up to 42% in purchasing transaction cost associated with less(prenominal) paperwork, which translates into few mistakes and more efficient purchasing process (Davila et al. 2002).5.3.2 Efficiency MaximizationE-procurement can improve the efficiency of the process which order fulfillment condemnation can shortened up to 80 per cent (Minahan 2001, cited in Harrigan et al. 2008) as well as reduced the inventory level s (Min and Galle 2003). Thus, e-procurement has impact on the purchasing turn time and delivery time.In order to achieve high quality performance, in the main organizations has seen the benefits of applying new technologies in its manufacturing processes because it can manufacture in a high volume production without any concerns in regards to cost. The investment in advanced equipment has enabled the company to achieve a high level of process capability that could not achieve by manual processes. Due to on that point are many repetitive and complicated tasks that machines can do which gentleman being cannot do it.According to Bof and Previtali (2007), electronic procurement can speed up the flow of important information amid buyers and suppliers as well as elimination of transaction errors by transform the way of purchasing raw material from traditional methods to online. Currently, the use of net serve as a foundation of data flow for strategic manufacturing purpose in e-pro curement such as using barcodes in firms to manage the raw material. As the workflow automatically routes information through the purchasing process without re-keying all the date, user can use it easily and with a minimal error.According to smith and Correa (2005), they stated that by using e-business can lead to highly sinless information gathering though proper database via internet and it enable to indentify apiece product moving end-to-end supply chain. Apart from that, the information that record in the system are stored in a real-time fashion, therefore, users can acquire an accurate tracking in supply chain compared with the traditional manual methods. Therefore the adoption of e-procurement will improve efficiency that can streng consequently competitive advantage in firms and industries.In prevalent, firms should adopt the e-procurement strategies to achieve competitive advantage among the competitors. For instance, firms need to learn the management practices which are reduce production costs by elimination waste and achieving higher(prenominal) efficiency to capture the attention of the suppliers.6.0 Total smell Management and Competitive Advantage6.1 Conceptualization of Total Quality Management (TQM)Since 1980s, TQM has been regarded as one of the competitive strategies for firm to improve their competitive advantage and has widely implemented throughout the world (Kuei et al. 2001 Brah et al. 2002 rad 2006). Besides that, TQM has been widely regarded as rational structure and scientific tools for the profit of quality as well as improve competitive advantage (Sun 2000 Li et al. 2002).There is no universally agree definition on TQM as many questioners have their own beliefs and prejudices towards the term (Martinez-Lorente 1998 Sun 2000 Psychogios and Priporas 2007 Klefsj et al. 2008). However, the definition provided by inquiryers is more like vague descriptions than definitions and deliver term as a school of thought, which ?, an approach for ? (Klefsj et al. 2008). As just an example, Rad (2006) defines TQM as a philosophy which provides a template for advantage to an organization through customer satisfaction. On the other hand, in recent years, a tendency toward agreement on a system perspective of TQM has been suggested. angiotensin-converting enzyme such definition is from Hellsten and Klefsj (2000), who define TQM as a continuously evolving management system consisting of core values, methodologies and tools, the aim of which is to increase external and internal customer satisfaction with a reduced amount of resources (cited in Klefsj et al. 2008, p. 121).The definition provided by Hellsten and Klefsj (2000) is stated understandably as it consists of three components which are interdependent and load-bearing(a) each of the values to sustaining a subtlety based on a kernel of core values.6.2 Competitive strategies in TQMIn order to make do with the increasely of competitors, it has forced organi zations respect ways to reduce costs period maintaining customer satisfaction and making continuous improvement to the products. Since 1980, TQM has been recognized as a way to achieve goal by establishing a quality-based culture for improving customer satisfaction. Apart from that, TQM has been widely recognized as one of the most competitive weapon, if implemented successfully, provides a competitive advantage for organizations through quality (Martins and Toledo 2000 Beskese and Cebeci 2001 Prajogo and Sohal 2004). In order to achieve the goals of organization, they should implementing successful TQM strategies.6.2.1 Quality sharpenCurrently, TQM have become a key focus for organizations as it considers as tools for improvement quality. According to Mandel et al. (2000), he noted that the implication of quality as a factor of international visualisening. Quality improvement refers to the efforts on increasing effectiveness and efficiency in order to satisfy customer expecta tions (Talha 2004). Organizations must(prenominal) plan the strategic to implement quality improvement planning into their business plan. If the organization has emphasized quality as an important strategic, this will leads to higher sales and operating profits as well as improve the competitive positions of the firm as the customers will pay more to quality products that satisfy them.Also, nowadays customers are become more sophisticated, continuous improvement in product quality is essential to satisfy their needs. Therefore, once the organizations satisfy the requirements of customer, items are producing according to specifications, it will minimizing defective items and the cost of rework (Khan 2003).Yet, TQM will increase the organizations competitive advantage because they concentrated on the improvements to offer superior quality of products to its customers (Martins and Toledo 2000). Hence, quality improvement is essential for the very survival of a company to achieve compe titive advantage.6.2.2 Customer FocusCustomers have their expectations towards an organization which they patronize. If the expectations are not met, they will get dissatisfied and stop patronise the organization hence customer satisfaction is one of the important elements to stool competitive advantage. According to Bergman and Klefsjo (2003), satisfied customer are hardcore customers and loyal customers are profitable customers and profitable customers make lucrative businesses and happy owners (cited in Bergquist et al. 2005, p. 312). However, customers are usually irrational. In order to develop their potential quality, companies need to develop the strategies on customer focus.Generally, customer focus means as the activities of the companies are intended to benefit the customer but the customer is seen from the companies own perspective (Lagrosen 2001, p.350). Organizations should make an effort to gain information regarding the needs and wants of the customer rather than a lways focus on the companies view of product and its features.6.2.3 subprogram FocusThe goal of process management is to zeroing down the defective and failures rate as well as reduce process variation by building quality into the production process which can reduced cost. According to Ou et al. (n.d.), inferior quality manufacturing process will increase high scum rate and rework rate which will lead to use more resource to produce qualified products. Therefore, firms should concern on process management to avoid the occurrences of unnecessary costs such as waste costs by finding quality problems immediately. TQM implementation can directly increasing firms quality performance by improving manufacturing process, has indirect effects on increasing customer satisfaction as well as the disposition of firms.By reducing unnecessary waste cost such as waste of production, avoidable process and waste of defects, firms can put into practice of move production. According to Womack and J ones (1996), lean production has its origin in philosophy of achieving improvements in most economical ways with special focus on reducing waste (cited in Dahlgaard and Dahlgaard-Park 2006, p. 264). For instance, firm can designing the production process and giving orders and instructions to the workers. The improvement of manufacturing efficiency will improve customers satisfaction and eventually the companys financial performance.6.3 Adoption of e-Procurement in Total Quality Management to achieve Competitive AdvantageThere is no clearly evidence shows that the adoption of e-procurement in total quality management can achieve further competitive advantage, however it can be shows that the ways of both e-procurement and TQM are almost using same strategies to achieve competitive advantage.6.3.1 line of work-to-business (B2B) E-procurementE-procurement is defined as the use of information technologies to facilitate business-to-business (B2B) purchase legal proceeding for materials and services (Wu et al. 2007, cited in Walker and Harland 2008). With the development of B2B e-procurement, the traditional method of business are replaced by the electronically transactions. Besides that, BCB e-procurement can help TQM in achieving competitive advantage.6.3.1.1 Cost MinimizationApplication of e-procurement practices into total quality management is beneficial as it can improve facilitation of efficient and cost-effective concern routes to conduct business. According to Harrigan et al. (2008), e-procurement can reduce purchasing costs by amending the way raw materials are purchasing from traditional methods to online ordering. With the implementation of e-procurement, transactions can be proceed via e-mail, electronic data interchange, fax which can directly eliminate paper usage such as invoice, acknowledge as well as paper catalogs. However, Turban et al. (2006) argues that systematic procurement transactions tend to waste time on non-value-adding activities s uch as handling errors in ordering and invoicing, data entry which often time consuming and costly to trace (cited in Aboelmaged 2009).6.3.1.2 Efficiency MaximizationApart from the cost reductions arising from transactional, e-procurement can also contribute to efficient purchasing process in many ways. As earlier mention, TQM have been emphasized that its main focus is improving products quality, therefore it may be less paid attention on giving maximize efficiency. Consequently, by implementation e-procurement in TQM can achieve maximum efficiency. It is obvious that e-procurement greatly helps improve chat with suppliers providing access to the information 24 hours a day. Therefore, the system availability can makes it easier for businesses to receive order from the supplier and summit an order. By providing greater access, firms can reduce the purchasing cycle time and improved performance between buyers and suppliers. According to Choudhury et al. (1998), repetition in the pr ocurement system will increase the efficiency and result in a higher level of electronic integration between buyers and suppliers (cited in Walker and Harland 2008).6.3.1.3 Methods of B2B e-procurementPreviously, most of the organizations are using traditional modes of communication such as phone, fax, memo and face-to-face. However, through evolution of the technologies, organizations can improve the speed in business transactions through the utilization of the B2B e-procurement methods1. Reverse Auctions. A reverse e-auction is a form of the electronic data communication which provides a forum wherein several suppliers compete online for contracts offered by a customer (Tassabehji et al. 2006). Due to no human intervention on with computerized accessible format, it can help both parties gain form less paperwork, shorted cycle times for circulation requesters for quotations, winged responses to potential bidders and reduced transaction costs (Plouffe et al. 2001).2. Lean procurem ent. Lean procurement generally imply on small quantity of products purchased frequently from few suppliers, who deliver the items in exact quantities at the specific time and place (Wilson and Roy 2009). It also further noted that lean procurement unlike the traditional purchasing system such as TQM where the price shapes, suppliers are evaluated through the reliability, behaviors, performance as well as price. base on the traditional purchasing system, the relationship between buyers and suppliers are based on the long-term trust and commitment.3. Internet. Through internet, companies have ability to speed up the business transactions through a faster way as it allows companies to pay invoices and payment electronically. Besides that, the use of internet through videoconferencing provides a visual contract which allows companies communicate with the suppliers (Samaniego 2006).7.0 Theoretical role modelCompetitive AdvantageE-ProcurementTotal Quality Management8.0 Research Method s8.1 informativeMy research is about the ways of e-procurement and total quality management in achieving competitive advantage of organizations. In the literature review, I am explaining the relationship between e-procurement and competitive advantage as well as total quality management and competitive advantage therefore my research is an instructive have. According to Saunders et al. (2009), explanatory check is know as causal study which is emphasizes on explaining the relationships between variables.8.2 Research PhilosophyThe research philosophy that I adopt in the literature review is epistemology. Epistemology concerns what constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study (Saunders et al, 2009, p. 112). This research will be mostly exploring the strategies of how e-procurement and TQM to achieve competitive advantage. Besides that, although many successful cases that shows that e-procurement and TQM can provide competitive advantage to an organization. However, I may not be able to know that e-procurement and TQM can achieve competitive advantage. Therefore, I a deprivation to do this research to find out how e-procurement and TQM can help an organization achieve competitive advantage. Furthermore, the fact that it is an explanatory study also makes this research epistemology. Both the cause and the effect are known under an explanatory effect.In this research, I will acts as a positive(p). A positivist will prefer working with an observable social reality and that the end products of such research can be law-like generalizations similar to those produced by the sensible and natural scientists (Remenyi et al., 1998, p. 32, as cited in Saunders et al., 2009, p. 113). Therefore, I will only based on the quantifiable observations which I can see, hear and touch to develop hypotheses.8.3 ApproachDeductive approach is an approach of working from more general idea to a more specific idea and also known as waterfall approach and therefore, conclusi on follows logically from the premises (Gill Johnson, 2010). My research will utilize deductive approach since the theory and surmise have been created at the starting of the research. Besides that, the research itself is an observation to further swear the relationship between e-procurement, TQM and competitive advantage as well as allows me to test and confirm my hypothesis.8.4 MethodThe research measurements used in this study will be mixture of qualitative and numeric factors. A vicenary research aims at determining the relationship between one matter and another (Denzin Lincon, 2005). A qualitative research is used to address research questions that require explanation or understanding of social phenomena and their contexts (Ritchie and Lewis, 2003).In this research, I will more focus on quantitative research alternatively of qualitative research. By using quantitative research, I can find out the following data1. The percentage of organizations which are successfully ac hieving competitive advantage after adoption of either e-procurement, TQM, or both.2. The percentage of organizations which adopt neither e-procurement nor TQM, but have achieved competitive advantage.Besides that, I plan to apply structured questionnaire and interview which form by structured questions and answers. structure interviews use questionnaires based on standardized set of questions which can be result more accurate and credible data.Although quantitative research is the main focus in this research, qualitative research is still under consideration towards these issues. Under qualitative methods, I will be using semi-structured and in-depth questionnaire and interview. A semi-structured questionnaire or interview is where the questions are structured but the answers are go away unstructured. However, in-depth questionnaire or interview is where both the questions and answers are unstructured. Therefore, my research choice is mixed Methods whereby both quantitative and qualitative methods are being considered.8.5 StrategiesThe strategies that can be implemented in conducting this research are survey. Survey is a research strategy that involves the structured collection of data from a sizeable cosmos (Saunders et al., 2009). The reason for choosing survey as my strategy is survey allows me to collect the quantitative data which I can analyze quantitatively using statistics. By using survey, I can easily calculate the percentage of increase in profits after implementing e-procurement and TQM. Through the survey, questionnaire will be given. structure questionnaires bring convenience for me when carrying out the percentage calculation.Another strategy that can be implemented is archival research which makes use of administrative records and documents as the principal source of data (Saunders et al., 2009). In this research, archival research can used to identify the companies in the past that have been successful in achieving e-procurement and TQM and changing effects that has led to their success.8.6 SamplingSampling techniques are used to define the target population by keeping with the objectives of the study. Hence, sampling methods are techniques for collecting sub-volumes from larger volume of target population (Groves et al., 2010). Sample pickax will be done on a random primer coat to avoid selection bias. In this research, the sampling method that will be use is stratified random sampling. Stratified random sampling is a modification of random sampling in which you divide the population into 2 or more relevant strata based on one or a number of attributes (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 228). I will divide all companies in Malaysia into 4 groups which are companies that implement e-procurement, companies that implement TQM, companies that implement both e-procurement and TQM as well as companies that do not implement both e-procurement and TQM. In this case, companies will be selected using random sampling. Besides tha t, 50 questionnaires will be distributed randomly to every company.8.7 Time HorizonIn terms of time horizon, my research will be considered as cross-sectional study. cross-section(a) study refers to data gathered only once over a period of time. Since this research must complete at bottom 1 month, I am not be able to analyze the development of e-procurement in future. Therefore, my research will more focus on the e-procurement of e-procurement nowadays and explain the relationship between every variable. Besides that, this research typically deals with diachronic data, hence the necessity to get results frequently is comparatively low as the industry conditions will not change rapidly.8.8 Possible ResultFor the hypothesis of this research to be true, it must be supported by the fact that adoption of e-procurement in TQM can provide further competitive advantage. Besides that, the results of the survey as well as archival research should show that the companies that implement neith er e-procurement nor TQM can achieve competitive advantage.However, if the result of this research shows that the adoption of e-procurement in TQM does not achieve competitive advantage then the hypothesis of the research will be proven false.9.0 ConclusionBased on reading of literature, I can suggest that hypothesis of this research paper is accepted. It clearly shows that e-procurement and TQM on business can achieve and sustaining competitive advantage in business world nowadays. The development of e-procurement does give a huge impact on business management will go along technological revolution provides a number of challenges for firms today. An efficient e-procurement should implement competitive strategies to achieve competitive advantage as well as enhance market position in market. Besides that, a further competitive advantage can be gained by implementing e-procurement in TQM. Hence, it can be concluded that adoption of both e-procurement and TQM can bring organization to achieve further competitive advantage. However, in practice, TQM benefits are not easy to achieve. some organizations and companies have difficulties in implementing TQM due to lack of consistent senior management commitment, superficial knowledge of implementers of TQM as well as lack of strategic plan for change. In other words, TQM can have a dramatic impact on an organization.(4258 words)10.0 ReferencesAberdeen Group. (2001). Best Practices in e-Procurement The Abridged Report. Aberdeen Group, Boston, MA. Cited in Angeles, R. and Nath, R. (2007). Business-to-business e-procurement success factors and challenges to implementation. Supply Chain Management An International Journal. Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 104-115.Aboelmaged, M.G. (2009). Predicting e-procurement adoption in a developing country. Industrial Management and Data Systems. Vol. 110, No. 3, pp. 392-414.Angeles, R. and Nath, R. (2007). Business-to-business e-procurement success factors and challenges to implementation. Supp ly Chain Management An International Journal. Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 104-115.Bartezzaghi, E. and Ronchi, S. (2005). E-sourcing in a buyer-operator-seller perspective benefits and criticalities. Production Planning and Control. Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 405-412. Cited in Harrigan, P.O., Boyd, M.M., Ramsey, E. and Ibbotson, P. (2008). The development of e-procurement within the ICT manufacturing industry in Ireland. Management Decision. Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 481-500.Bergman, B. and Klefsj, B. (2003). Quality from Customer needfully to Customer Satisfaction. (2nd edn). Studentlitteratur, Lund. Cited in Bergquist, B., Fredriksson, M. and Svensson, M. (2005). TQM terrific quality marvel or tragical quality malpractice?. The TQM Magazine. Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 309-321.Bergquist, B., Fredriksson, M. and Svensson, M. (2005). TQM terrific quality marvel or tragic quality malpractice?. The TQM Magazine. Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 309-321.Beskese, A. and Cebeci, U. (2001). Total quality management and ISO 9000 applications in Turkey. The TQM Magazine. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 69-73.Bloomberg, D., S. LeMay and J. Hanna. (2002). Logistics. Prentice Hall. Cited in Pires, G.D. and Stanton, J. (2005). A research framework for the electronic procurement adoption process Drawing from Australian evidence. Journal of Global Business and Technology. Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 12-20.Bof, F. and Previtali, P. (2007). Organisational Pre-Conditions for e-Procurement in Governments the Italian Experience in Public wellness Care Sector. The Electronic Journal of e-Government. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-10.Brah, S.A., Tee, S.S.L. and Rao, B.M. (2002). Relationship between TQM and performance of Singapore companies. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management. Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 356-379.Choudhury, V., Hartzel, K. and Kosynski, B. (1998). Uses and consequences of electronic markets an empirical investigation in the aircraft

Athenian Democracy and Meritocracy

Athenian body politic and MeritocracyTo what extent did the Athenian democracy live up to its governmental theory of being a meritocracy, and to what extent was precedent still in the hand of the self-aggrandizingesy?Athenian democracy was an evolving process in the 5th deoxycytidine monophosphate B.C. The concentration of agent in the policy-making establishment would change advantageously from when the first seeds were planted until the voting citizenship was expanded and new leaders emerged towards the expiry of the century. Democracy was non instituted in the name of human rights only if for virtual(a) purposes and it is necessary that we look at it in this light when considering whether capital of Greece was a meritocracy and whether the laden still held considerable power in Democratic capital of Greece. It is surely true that Athenian Democracy, like all formations, on paper differed substantially to how it was implemented.In this essay I will argue that A thenian Democracy was largely successful in implementing a landed e asseverate democracy in which, to a large extent, there were no obvious discrepancies over who was favoured in matters of society and the state. I will show that the Athenian constitution largely kept the city as a meritocracy, making its citizens equal in the lead the state in matters of soundity and political power. still, I will too consider the limitations of Athenian Democracy and to what extent trustworthy functions whitethorn mass limited its success. I will argue that the power of the sloshed was in most respects limited by the structure of the state but was held back to some extent by the inevitable advantages that come from wealthiness. I will mainly be arguing that whatever limitations there were, they were non full to slang a damaging matter on democracy as a whole.The Athenian Democracy allowed that only adult males of Athenian ancestry were part of the elected system, which overall made up somewhat 10-20% of the demos. Slaves, freed slaves, children, women and metics (foreigners in Athens) were excluded. It is obvious from this that to label Athens as a meritocracy in the modern sense is absurd. In this essay, I will consider Athens as a meritocracy in terms of the rights and opportunities of those who are citizens, not from those who arent and will therefore consider to what extent Athenian Democracy worked the elbow room it was supposed to.The soaked did not hold power to the extent that it harmed the democratic process. The loaded sure enough did have many advantages compared to the low, but this is not of necessity any comment upon Athenian democracy simply an inevitability that those with wealth will be able to achieve more than those without. The sozzled had power but not to an extent that was spectacularly damaging to the state.When defining wealth, I will consider Aristotles definition as including bills, land, real estate, furniture, neckcloth a nd a high quality and quantity of slaves (Rhet. 1361a12-16). in that location was most decidedly a significant wealth contrariety amongst Athenss citizens whereby the vacuous class (those who didnt need to work as a resolve of family fortunes, nobility etc.) made up roughly 5-10% of the populace. This class barrier was acceptedly realised by the lower classes who a good deal showed their resentment at the wealthy. However despite this inequality, they did not see this as particularly affecting when it came down to the political and legal powers of the people, as this inequality was grudgingly accepted. Wealth discrepancies were not seen as unjust as potential legal or political barriers that may have affected the citizens. (see Ober ch.5)Politically, wealth as a peckerwood was restricted as a result of the various stipulations in the constitution. There was no longer any property qualification for the academy or for voting and the holding of political offices as well as juri es stock payment for these services, meaning that the democratic or legal process was not hinged on the use of wealth to misdirect political office or to serve as part of the legal jurisdiction. The constitution minimised any palpable legal or political operate on by the wealthy, who still had frugal power but this fact is only to be expected in a society such as Athens which thrived on the control of goods and services.This idea of the accepted separation of wealth inequality with legal and political affairs can be seen with the orator DemosthenesThe plentiful have great wealth which no one save ups them from enjoying though they must not keep us from enjoying the security which is our most common possession the laws(Demosthenes, Against Meidias, (22.25-27))Therefore, the wealth inequality was not viewed by the people as un-democratic or damaging to their political power and rights (Ober 199.)The wealth even often had a positive effect on the democratic process, benefiting e ven the poor. The various taxes imposed on the rich (liturgies, war taxes and fines given out by the courts) was often redistributed in a way that greatly benefitted the poorer in society, such as state projects, the upkeep of the city, the academy and also security from outside threats. Therefore, often the wealthy had a positive effect on both the city and the poor, with their gold often acting as subsidies for the less wealthy instead of them exploiting the poor for their own benefit. (Ober 202)However, it is true that there were indeed many situations in which the wealth were able to use their gold as leverages and to exert a certain amount of power over the lower classes. In legal matters, the wealthier would often get less punitive punishments for certain crimes such as theft. The wealthy could also dominate proceeding through the use of benefactions they could use money to buy silence from witnesses or make them lie, they could also try and bribe prosecutors and use their wealth to buy support from the crowd.Also, the dependence of the state on the money received from the rich could have damaging effects. The wealthy may try and hide their wealth from the state or even slump to pay certain taxes that are voluntary. It is also true that the allegiance of the wealthy to the Athenian state was not as solid as the poorer citizens as they were less dependent on the state structure which was very effective towards the poor. These actions of the rich could potentially have very negative outcomes in situations where the state were in need of the wealth of the rich. Finally, in times of war the rich certainly had an easier time, whereby the rich could use their money in order to buy positions as horsemen which were less involved in the fighting than the frontline soldiers who were often peaceful of those soldiers who could not afford as expensive equipment as those less wealthy.The wealthy were limited in the power they could hold. While they held econom ic power, this did not have much of an impact upon the legal and political rights of Athenian citizens as economic inequality was not seen as having as important a subprogram in democracy as other egalitarian principles they was accepted. The occurrences of violations of democracy by the rich does not show the weakness of the state as a whole only the weaknesses of individuals in certain instances and the inevitability of those with wealth having certain advantages over others these should not be seen as any substantial drawback to the ideals of meritocracy in the Athenian state.The Athenian Constitution largely justifies describing Athens as a meritocracy. It allowed for legal and political rights to become universal for all Athenian citizens where separately man was considered justly under the eyes of the polis. Athenian Democracy was not perfect. Like all systems there were areas which were vulnerable to corruption and which were arguably mischievous to a healthy state. Ther e undoubtedly was a selection of the wealthy elite who would often use their wealth for self-aggrandisement rather than back up the state but this has to be expected in all societies. On the whole, the Democracy of Athens was largely egalitarian in political and legal matters where those who were citizens were treated with the same eyes. The wealthy in society were, to a large extent, prohibited from using their wealth to defile the workings of the state. The times in which the wealthy were able to exert a certain level of power were inevitable blowbacks to a society where there was a competition for money and a competition for power. The power that the wealthy had and used was not enough to taint a relatively sophisticated political system and where corruptions of that system occurred, personal power-grabbing was often shrouded in popular support and the use of wealth for personal gain was seen as an inevitable circumstance of self-preservation.BibliographyM. I. Finley (1962) Ath enian Demagogues then(prenominal) Present 21 3-24Ober, J. Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens rhetoric, ideology, and the power ofthe people, (Princeton University evoke US 1989.)Ober, J. Public Speech and the Power of the large number in Democratic Athens in TheAthenian Revolution. Essays on superannuated Greek democracy and political theory, (PrincetonUniversity Press US 1996)Raaflaub, K.A. Equalities and Inequalities in Athenian Democracy in Ober, J. andHedrick, C. (eds.) Demokratia. A conversation on Democracies, ancient and modern,(Princeton University Press US 1996)Hansen, M. H. The Political Leaders in The Athenian Democracy in the Age ofDemosthenes (Blackwell UK 1991)Davies, J.K. Wealth and the Power of Wealth in Classical Athens, (Ayer Co New York 1981.)Sinclair, R.K. Democracy and Participation in Athens, (Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1988.)Aristotle The Art of grandiosity (Penguin UK 1991)Demosthenes Political Speeches (Oxford University Press London 2014)

Coca Colas Entry Strategies Into The African Market Marketing Essay

coca plant Colas Entry Strategies Into The African Market Marketing EssayCoca senss entry strategies into the African securities industry.The Coca-Cola confederacy is one of the largest manufacturers, distri onlyors and food marketers of nonalcoholic beverage abridges and syrups in the world. Coca-Colas headquarters ar in Atlanta, Georgia, in America. It is best k right offn for its flagship product, Coca-Cola, and is one of the largest corporations in the United States.Today, Coca-Cola is an worldwidely acknowledge soft drinks confederacy with ambitious plans to further grow the stag. The company owns the majority of the soft drinks available in coolers and in vending machines in the western world. Some of these brands include, Coca-Cola and sub brands1, Dr Pepper, Fanta, Sprite, Oasis and PowerAde. A full inclining of Coca-Colas affiliated brands can be found on their corporate web personatee2.The 2005 annual Report states the company sells beverage products in more th an 312 countries or territories.3 The international presence of Coca-Cola is phenomenal and its logo, advertising and colours are among the most recognized in the world.When an organization has do a decision to enter an afield market, in that respect are a variety of options open to it.An organization wishing to go international faces three major issuesi) Marketing which countries, which segments, how to manage and tool trade effort, how to enter with intermediaries or directly, with what information?ii) Sourcing whether to obtain products, make or profane?iii) Investment and control joint venture, spherical partner, acquisition?Decisions in the marketing area focus on the value cosmic string . The scheme or entry alternatives must ensure that the necessary value chain activities are performed and integrated.. One of the critical questions to examine in establishing an international increase scheme is to select the entry mode in the target remote solid ground and t he distribution channel. Several alternative entry strategies can be considered,Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are expanding their international reach, carrying theirproducts and brands to new and diverse markets in emerge economies. As they tailortheir strategies to the local context, they arrive at to create product and brand portfolios thatmatch their competences with local needs.A multi-tier strategy with local and/or planetary brands may provide MNEs with thewidest reach into the market and the potential for market leadership. However, it has to besupported with an appropriate combination of global and local resources. Foreign entrants consequently hold up to develop operational capabilities for the specific context, which requirescomplementary resources that are typically controlled by local firms.One of such an organization is coca cola company. ampere-second has recently started to heavily invest in the African market. Africa was actually a low priority region for C oca-Cola until 1997 when citing rapid population growth anddisproportionately low sales, the company developed a new market strategy aiming to doublesales in 5 years.Indeed, per capita consumption in Africa has grown from 18 servings in 1986 to 37 servings in2006. Unit case hatful sales are up 4 percent from 2005 to 2006. This growth waspreponderantly driven by 23 percent unit case rule book growth in Egypt, after Coca-Cola opened anew divisional office in Cairo.Coke has clearly decided to focus its energies on emerging markets passim the world andCoke can honestly shove along intimately increasing its sales volume on a global scale. However, as newcountries are aggressively targeted by Cokes marketing machine, dietetic patterns spay, andthe rate of western-style diet-related diseases increase.Entry strategies into the African market.Coca Cola Company entered into the global market utilise various modes of entry. The most common modes are exporting, licensing and franchis ing. as closely exporting beverages and its special syrups, Coca cola besides exporting its merc fadeises to remote distributors and companies.The company has also started licensing with bottlers around the world and adding its special syrup necessary to produce the product. Coca cola works with more than ccc bottlers internationally to produce, exhibit, market and sell products around the world. In 1984 a glass store owner Joseph A Biedenham began bottling coca cola to sell using common glass called Hutchinson. Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead have made first bottling agreement with Coca cola. During 1900-1909, three main bottlers divided the country into territories and sold bottling rights to local entrepreneurs. In 1916, a distinctive bottle called mannikin bottle has been designed to distinguish from imitator. The contour bottle became trademark posture by U.S patent office. During 1920s more than 1000 coca cola bottlers were operating in U.S. Between 1920s a nd 1930s, company leader Robert W. fragrant bedstraw began expand internationally through establishing bottling operation outside U.S. In 1940, in advance World War II, 64 bottling plant were setup around the world. During seventies and 1980s many small and medium-sized bottlers consolidated to better(p)serve extensive amount of global customers. Strong licensing relationship with bottlers became the base for Coca Colas integral business concern growth. Franchising is a special guinea pig of licensing strategy.There is various type of franchising. The type used by Coca Cola is manufactured-sponsored wholesalers franchise system. In franchising the finished products and sold to the retailers in local market. In case of Coca Cola Company licensing proved most suitable mode of market entry. T he licensing strategy must ensure ongoing agonistic advantages such as export market opportunities, low-risk manufacturing relationships, and diffusion of new products. different market en try mode such as exporting also proved useful in expanding globally. Coca-Cola has massive world appeal. The products escort is wet with over-romanticizing, and this is an image many people have sendn deeply to heart. The Coca-Cola image is displayed on T-shirts, hats, and collectible memorabilia. This extremely recognizable branding is one of Coca-Colas great strengths.7 Additionally, Coca-Colas bottling system is one of their greatest strengths. It allows them to conduct business on a global scale while at the same time maintaining a local approach. The bottling companies are locally owned and operated by independent business people who are authorised to sell products of the Coca-Cola Company. Because Coke does non have outright ownership of its bottling network, its main source of revenue is the sale of concentrate to its bottlers.Other brands owned by the Coca Cola company that have a strong brand image.8 Seasonal advertising awareness e.g. TV Christmas advert and summer adv ert. Coca-Colas brand name is known well throughout 94% of the world today Coca-Colas bottling system also allows the company to take advantage of infinite growth opportunities around the world. This strategy gives Coke the fortune to religious service a large geographic, diverse area.. Coca-Cola has successfully employed the hub-and-spoke system model in multiple country-bred emerging markets. In Africa, for instance, 9Coca-Cola set up Manual Distribution Centers in which an independent person was given the rights to distribute Coca-Cola products within a defined radius14. Similarly, in India local entrepreneurs sell Coca-Cola using all possible means of transport, ranging from trucks, auto-rickshaws, cycle rickshaws and hand carts, to even camel carts in Rajasthan and mules in hilly areas, to transport its product from the nighest hub.15 (See exhibit 3) As Colgate and Coca-Cola have shown, the hub-and-spoke model for FMCG products works well because it addresses the inventor y cost and transportation foundation issues that are associated with distributing products in folksy emerging markets while also providing for good product availability at the small-village level.In the villages, farmers earn the bulk of their income during two to three peak draw months, earning nothing during troughs. Farm labors get a daily wage when theres work to do at other times they sit around idle, migrate to towns, or scratch a living from other sources.36Equally important is the ability to execute on the ground and deliver consistently across this wide variety of markets, even as they change and mature over the longer term.Many of the early entrants to Africa have established successful, profitable businesses. Companies have been able to generate competitive advantage by influencing consumer preferences, building brand loyalty and shaping industry structure forrader competitors have a chance to become established. The majority of emerging market nations continue to have largely agricultural, agrarian-based economies.1 In Africa alone, of the seven hundred cardinal residents , roughly five hundred million people lived in clownish areas.2 Delivering products and services into this market presents both unique challenges and enormous opportunities for companies.The nature of rural emerging markets makes building a successful marketing channel challenging. The population is widely dispersed, transportation infrastructure is poor or non-existent, household incomes are low and unpredictable, and traditional methods of creating brand trust and awareness will not work.I propose that an entering company needs to design marketing channels that both successfully deliver products to customers in a capital-efficient way, and that open up the latent desire that customers have to barter for and receive those products. In this manner, not only are transporters and warehouses part of a successful marketing channel, but so are entities that educate custom ers about products and services they may not know they need, as are the financial programs that attend customers finance their purchases.The find points coca cola company should focus on when designing their rural distribution networks in emerging markets are as follows1. The company should contain the distribution network model that is appropriate for the product or service it is selling.2. While continuing to meet the customers needs, the company should aggregate consumer demand into underlying locations as much as possible in order to decrease inventory and transportation costs.3. The company should consider taking advantage of rural entrepreneurs (REs) to facilitate last-mile product deli really and sales. Such rural entrepreneurs include retailers and stand operators.Although consumers in rural emerging markets clearly have low and sporadic incomes, it would be a mistake to assume that these consumers necessarily desire to purchase cheap products. Instead, as Prahalad wri tes, the consumers are very brand-conscious and are motivated to buy quality goods. However, at the same time, they are by necessity very value-conscious.37 The challenge for companies entering this market is to offer consumers high-quality products and brands while also oblation .When assist advocates in Africa noticed that Coca-Cola products were available in remote African villages, it sparked the idea that perhaps the companys provide chain justs could assist in delivering life-saving drugs to aid victims. The drugs are typically hard to come by, especially in the outlying(prenominal) regions of poor countries. In some regions, it is not uncommon for the drugs to take 30 days to get through a nonprofits supply chain originally arriving at their final destination.In 2009, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, terbium and Malaria asked Coke for assistance improving the organizations supply chain. The company agreed to help with a project in 2010, and the corporation worked with th e Global Fund, Tanzanias Medical Stores Department, the supply Foundation and Accenture Development Partnerships to get life-saving drugs to far-flung villages in Africa.What we noticed was that Coca-Colas products perpetually seemed to get to every remote region, and we thought that if they could get their products there, with their support, maybe we could, too, verbalise Gabriel Jaramillo, the Global Funds general manager, according to the Daily Beast.The drug supply chain hasnt been perfected, according to a study from the Yale School of Public Health. However, it has greatly improved access to medication in rural regions. Ill patients now have an 80 percent chance of receiving the purify medication, up dramatically from only a 50 percent chance two years ago. While the old delivery systems took a month to get drugs to the correct area, supply chains have been optimized and delivery time is now estimated at merely five days.Coca-Cola isnt doing all the work for the project t hey give expert advice and input, but Tanzanias Medical Stores Department is chipping in and having its employees learn the rudiments of supply chain management, logistics and distribution. However, the project doesnt only involve learning about how supply chains operate. All the partners are working to develop infrastructure in poorer developing areas, so Coke products and medications can more soft get where theyre needed most.Due to the success of this program, it has expanded to Ghana and Mozambique, where supply chains are still too underdeveloped to get rural residents the drugs they need. By working with one of the worlds largest distributors, groups looking to expand access to AIDS medication have developed a new system to better serve ill patients in remote regions.

Discussion on Women Education and Empowerment in India

Discussion on Women upbringing and Empowerment in IndiaWomen constitute almost half of the population in the world. tho the regular masculine ideology made them suffer a lot as they were denied equal opportunities in different parts of the world. The rise of feminist ideas collapse, however, lead to the tremendous mendment of womens condition by dint of out the world in new-fangled times. India organism a ontogenesis nation and having huge tussles among its insurance policy-making, religious and administrative organs resulting into blocked discipline and the worst effect of that we stack witness into women condition .They do not project proper contingency to learn and grow and access to fel smallship has been one of the most jam demands of womens rights . Women facts of feeling in India has as well been a major(ip) preoccupation of twain the political sympathies and civil troupe as educated women rout out crop a very important eccentric in the festering of the country. biography of Women Education in India(4,6)Although in the Vedic period women had access to aiming in India besides as the time grew they lost this right to serve genteelness and academic exposure. However, in the British period there was revival meeting of interest in womens grooming in India due to Britishers strong invite to the core Indian cultivation governance. During this period, dissimilar socio religious movements led by eminent persons like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar emphasized on womens command in India. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Periyar and Baba Saheb Ambedkar were leaders of the lower ranks in India who took various beginning(a)s to make education available to the women of India. They overly ensured rough their participation in the cordial gatherings and events by introducing them into polity and administration at all levels. However womens education got a fillip aft(prenominal) the country got independence in 1947 and the po litics has make watern various measures to provide education to all Indian women. As a result womens literacy regularise has gr proclaim over the three decades and the evolution of fe virile literacy has in fact been postgraduateer than that of male literacy site. While in 1971 provided 22% of Indian women were lite swan, by the end of 2001 54.16% effeminate person were literate. The growth of female literacy rate is 14.87% as comp ard to 11.72 % of that of male literacy rate and is on growing path. governing body activity has taken a step forward by making education compulsory and free to fille child till the age of fourteen. They atomic number 18 giveting reservations in public field exams and private sectors like Banks, raptus Services, Hospitality and Tourism, Healthc be etc. (4. dissolvedom Struggle By- Bipin Chandra Pal)Table The Literacy measure in India 1901-2011Percentage of Literates to total populationYear Persons Males Females1901 5.3 9.8 0.71911 5 .9 10.6 1.11921 7.2 12.2 1.81931 9.5 15.6 2.91941 16.1 24.9 7.31951 16.7 24.9 7.31961 24.0 34.4 13.01971 29.5 39.5 18.71981 36.2 46.9 24.81991 52.1 63.9 39.22001 65.38 76.0 54.02011(Recent data) 74.04 82.14 65.46The above remand shows that there is an improvement in women literacy in India during the years. But when we compare it with male literacy it be recognises a concern area. (9. Censusindia.gov.in)Importance of Women Education in India(7)Women education in India plays a very important type in the overall development of the country. It not only assistances in the development of half of the human resources, hardly in improving the graphic symbol of life at home and outside. meliorate women not only tend to promote education of their girl children, plainly also flock provide better guidance to all their children. yet educated women can also jock in the reduction of sister mortality rate and growth of the nation.Education is a potent legal document in the emancip ation and empowerment of women. Its true that greatest single component part which can incredibly improve the precondition of women in any(prenominal) ordering is education. It is indispensable that education enables women not only to gain more k without delayledge almost the world outside of her shell and home unless helps her to get attitude, positive self esteem, and self confidence. It imparts necessary courage and inner special(prenominal)ty to face challenges in life. Apparently it also facilitates them to procure a transaction and supplement the income of family and achieve neighborly status. Education specially of women has a major impact on health and nutrition as an instrument of developing a sustainable strategy for population hold. Moreover educated women can play an equally important role as men in nation building. Thus there is no denying fact that education empowers women. For deterrent example the different organs of the United Nations and experts on wo mens liberation argue for womens education as the basic step to attain equality with men. ( 7. Saraswathi Mishra, Status of Indian Women,Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 2002)ObstaclesAs we have treated earlier to improve women education and condition in India various initiatives and corrective measures have been through with(p) but motionlessness a lot is expected to be accomplished.THE ROOT CAUSES FOR wiped out(p) LITERACY AMONG WOMEN IN INDIAWomen education is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. No single factor or military campaign can be held responsible for very low literacy rate of women in India. Subsequently it is associated with combination of many an(prenominal) factors including amicable, cultural, economic, educational, demographic, political and administrative and so on. The following are the any(prenominal) of the important factors which could be attributed for the present measly state of affairs of womenfolk in education.The Lower Enrolment The lower entry of girls in give lessonss is one of the foundational factors which stand as stumbling block for women empowerment in India. Reliable sources indicate that more than 50 % of the Non-Starters (those who have neer been to naturalize) are girls. According to the latest statistics, two out of all(prenominal) ten girls in the age group of 6-11 are still not enrolled in schools. (1) heights drop-out rate among girls from schools The incidence and prevalence of drop -outs among girls especially in rural, tribal and slums areas seem to be quite high. According to available sources, occurrence of drop-out and stagnancy amongst girls is nearly twice that of boys all over India. (1)Girl Child as Second M early(a)In many families girl children play the role of second mother by shouldering the responsibilities of household dress such as looking after the sibling, fetching water, collecting firewood, bringing fodder for cattle, cleaning and cooking etc. In rural India especially in suffering families this traditional sex role makes girl child handicapped and well-read by the attitude of mother and the family and discourages girl child to go school as it becomes secondary and unimportant. Hence girl child is get deprive of her basic and funda rational right of education and freedom. (8)Bonded Labor System This affable evil is a quite discouraging phenomena which stand as restriction for girls education in rural areas for the underprivileged families of washer men and pastoral labor , scheduled caste and scheduled tribes.Caste System as a Barrier Children belonging to low caste families are constrained to learn skills and work ways and not encouraged to go to school due to various factors. Strict instruction /threat from high caste communities for their selfish motives of keeping them as domestic servants and child laborers in the farms or factory. We can witness this through the stories of various factories and farm houses in industrial cities of India. Media is also playing a crucial role here in promoting as well as resisting these mishaps. (8)Bane of DowryDowry system and other social practices act as briny causes of the neglect of the girl child and inconsistency against girl child including the deprivation of right of education. In many families especially measly and guttle-trodden think that if their daughters are educated more, they have to accumulate more assets and properties to provide as dowry in enceinte proportion at the time of spousal, so prefer rather to all stop their children with average education and so on but never higher education. This prevails more in underprivileged families and communities. (1)Child Labour usageA large segment of child population in India is intermeshed in child weary practices. According to UN sources India is the most child labour populous nation in the globe with more than 50 zillion child labourers indulged in beedi works , carpet making , bricks, mining , tap ,glass, bangles, match and fireworks, gem polishing ,handloom works. zari, embroidery ,coir industry, domestic works, construction etc. In most of these industries girl children are preferred for high productiveness and low cost. (8)Poor School Environment for girls In general the school environment for girls in India is not really interesting and encouraging. The subjects taught in schools are also not related to the environment of girl children. The methods of t separatelying are mostly out dated, rigid and uninteresting. on that point are still hundreds of schools with scant(p) basic amenities such as drinking water, latrine and toilet facilities, incorrect building, and inadequate number of teachers especially female teachers preferable for any parents for safety device of their girl children from different types of exploitation and abuse. (7)Female age at marriage There is high association of female literacy with female age at marriage. By and large the female age at marriage of 18 ( recently 2 1 years ) as prescribed by various legislations not at all followed in India .It is very much ignored and neglected by the families of parents with low literacy and illiteracy background. This obnoxious practice discourages female children to continue their schooling and higher education as they enter into family life at the early age which is not advisable from the physical and mental health point of view and also of social development. (7)Inferiority, subservience and domesticityThe female child in Indian culture especially in rural, tribal and poor families is expected to develop the qualities of inferiority subservience and domesticity which place bankrupt limitations on her education and development. They are considered to be lesser important for getting knowledge of outside world and exposure to education and liberty. (6)Poverty as a Barrier In many scantness stricken families, children especially girls are considered as economic assets as they bring income for livelihood as well to save from economic crises due to death or senselessness of parents (sick/ handicapped/aged).Ineffective Law Enforcing MachineryIndian constitution and various legislations pertaining to education to children assure free and compulsory education all children of this nation but unfortunately the enforcement machinery fail to discharge its duties and responsibilities to the satisfaction of the public interest and eudaimonia of women. Due to this wrong implementation of right policies also women of our country is getting severely regarded. (5)Demographic FactorsThe high population growth rate, rapid urbanisation, migration etc also attribute immensely for the poor literacy level of women and girls in India. In these patronise transition girl Childs and women are getting neglected, uncared and unheard. (5)Poor Political pass on and Conviction Government officials, policy makers, politicians etc of our country have neither political ordain nor conviction for the empowerment of women in general. The only think about their personal benefits and money making ignoring the welfare of the community for whom and by whom they have reached to that position. It is a very sad and disappointing aspect of Indias democracy. (5)Gender discriminationIt still persists in India .Male are still dominating and commanding the social structure of the nation and lot more inevitably to be done to improve womens participation in this regard e.g. womens education. The gap in the male-female literacy rate is just a simple indicator. While the male literary rate is more than 75% according to the 2001 census, the female literacy rate is just 54.16%.Prevailing prejudices, low enrollment of girl child in the schools, engagements of girl children in domestic works and high drop out rate are major obstacles in the path of making all Indian women educated. (6)Poor academeAnother reason for poor quality of women educationhere is the poor quality of teachers ingovernment schools .Gover nment schools are unable toattract strong quality teachers due toinadequate teaching facilities and low salaries. The government currently spends only 3% of its GDP on educationwhich is inadequate and insufficient. Toimprovethe quality of education, the government needs tospend more money from its coffers on education. (4)Steps to improve their ParticipationA A significant development in recent years has been the mushrooming of community-based organizations and initiatives at the local level for women. Reports indicates that self-help programs, often in the name of savings and credit or micro credit schemes, have succeeded in changing the lives of poor women, enhancing incomes and generating positive externalities such as increased self-esteem. little credit is about much more than access to money. It is about women gaining control over the means to make a living. It is about women lifting themselves out of privation and vulner efficiency. I is about women achieving economic and political empowerment within their homes, their villages, their countries. (5)In this whole paper we have discussed about women condition in India in terms of access to education, opportunity to learn and grow and problems in achieving the homogeneous and at last some of the measures to rectify the errors and making things happen.B-One more initiative taken by the government is the voucher system. Under the voucher system, parents are allowed tochoose a school for their children and they get full or partial reimbursement for the expenses from the government. But however, the voucher system has also a draw back because it give further aggravate the problem of poor quality of educationingovernment schools. Such a system exit exchange resources from government schools toprivate schools. This will worsen the piazza of government schools which are already under-funded. Moreover, if the same amount given as vouchers can be used tobuild infrastructure inschools then the government ca n realize economies of scale. (6)C-The government of India has also felt the need to put in place an appropriate institutional mechanism to look after the Education Rights of Women and thus instituted the formulation of All India Womens Conference, National Womens Commission and State Womens Commission. At the same time government has approve special grants and allowances to NGOs working for the cause of women intoxicatement and social mobility. Self Help Groups have also been constituted at Panchayat level to provide a platform for the rural women to discuss issues such as family proposening, child marriage, widow remarriage, Sati, domestic violence. Mother Teresas Women Universityhas greatly helped in the cause of women empowerment who received Noble Peace bread for her genuine social work. (6)D -India is getting a great help from World Bankfor the betterment of women education and their empowerment in the country .It has approved funding for Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduc tion Programme (APRPRP) thus garnering global supportfor the upliftment of women. Womens reservation Bill in the Lok Sabha has gained momentum with Govt. of India promising the reservation of troika seats in Parliament for the women. (8)E -One of the recommendations of National Policy on Education (1986) by the Government of India is to promote empowerment of women through the histrionics of education and it is considered to be a land mark in the flack to womens education of illiterate. The National Literacy Mission is another positive step towards eradication of illiteracy in the age group of 15-35 years. Women education has assumed special significance in the context of Indias planned development, as it is incorporated in any Five-year plans as the major programme for the development of women. Universalization of elementary education, enrollment and retention of girls in the schools, promotion of balwadies and crutches, raising number of schools and colleges of arts , scienc e, and professional for girls , Politechniques, girls hostels, multipurpose institutions and adult education programmes are some of the steps being taken by some(prenominal) aboriginal and state governments in India to boost-up womens education. (5)F Since the prevailing situation of poor or less registration of girls in schools closes the doors for development and prosperity of future generation of women, concerted efforts essential be initiated jointly by the government, parents and civil society to achieve universal enrolment for girls without any compromise. The enrolment can be made even mandatary for every girls by the government in the realm of compulsory education. (5)G -The Ministry of Education both at Centre and State level should work out strategic steps to stop firmly the ongoing high drop -outs among girls especially in rural, tribal and slums areas with the serious involvement of willful organisations in every locality to realize zero drop-out among girls. (7)H -The poverty stricken families can be identified through proper enquiry and necessary poverty alleviation services be provided to strengthen the income thereby to enable the families to send their children to schools and colleges without much financial difficultiesI -Bonded Child labour and Child labour practice must be abolished with strict administrative measures and the relieved children form bondage should be integratedinto schools with suitable defence social mechanism.J Appropriate steps should be taken by the educational authorities with the participation of communities in order to bring the girl children to the main stream of education and development at every level including family and community.K -The female child in every Indian family irrespective of socio-economic status should be moulded to overcome the challenges of inferiority subservience and domesticity which place sever limitations on her education and development. Every family irrespective its socio-cultural an d economic background can take it a challenge to bring up their girl children as ennoble human being with empowerment in physical , mental, economic and social dimensions of life. (7)L The Midday meal scheme and other educational supportive services like free text books, Note books , Fee uniforms , Free Bicycles, Free bus , scholarships Free bus pass and so on as done in the state of Tamil Nadu can be provided in all states and union territories to lift up the literacy level among girls. (6)M -As social evils like dowry, child marriage , caste system and other practices deprive rights of education for children belonging to poor and underprivileged families and communities, they should eliminated through well-designed packages of intensity awareness programmes and social welfare measures with full support of public, political parties, NGOs and government agencies. (7)N -The electronic and print media can play significant role in building a good and positive image about girls and w omen in general in the society by giving no sharpen for such advertisements and news fetching commercial gain at the cost of depicting women as an object. This would help in changing the society s attitudes towards girls and their roles to treat every girl or woman as human being with self respect and dignity. (7)O -Government, voluntary sector and philanthropic organisations and individuals should come forward to provide free education for poor girls and provide free hostel facilities for girls studying in schools and colleges in every state of India. This will certainly encourage children of poor families to pursue good and higher education without much impediments. (6)P -The schools of social work, departments of women studies, Women Universities and other educational institutions in hand with NGOs and social service organisations such as rotary Clubs , Lions Clubs , women lib organisations associations can work together to improve the educational status of the womenfolk in thi s country on mutual respect and understanding. (7)Q -The parents of children belonging to poor, underprivileged families must be specially educated with proper social formula to help them to understand the significance of education for their girl children as foundation for empowerment. (1)R -Government, NGOs and public should work hand in hand to implement the nominal age at marriage (21and above) Awareness should be created to institutionalise it as a traditional practice cut acrossing castes, religions, community etc. (5)S Government officials, policy makers, political parties and others should have adequate political will and conviction to empower women in India without double standard mindT -The law enforcing machinery should be made really effective with efficient supervise vigilant system to implement the constitutional and legislative provisions and administrative measures to assure free and compulsory education for all children of this nation without any gender discrimina tion. (7)Its true that there is great deal of requirement to uplift women education in India at the grass root level because mass of the female population live in the rural areas .They do not avail the basic things in their life and to get education is still a distant dream for them. However Indian government is overture up with various scheme in their five year plan to make the situation healthy and encouraging for these women. In 1990s, grants from foreign presenter agencies enabled the formation of new women-oriented NGOs(3). Self-help groups and NGOs such as Self Employed WomenHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEWAHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEWAs experience (SEWA) have played a major role in womens rights in India. Many women have emerged as leaders of local movements. For example, Medha Patkar of the Narmada Bachao Andolan.Companies like NIIT Ltd. (2) has come up with the project called Affirmative Action where they are taking girls from the down trodden area s and training them about English language, basic computer knowledge and after that helping them to get jobs in Retail, BPO ,Hospitality sectors. In this way the are educating them and by providing jobs women are getting empowered in taking decision, participating in family income and by helping their kids to make the future bright and opportunity oriented. (2 , 3)There is no doubt about the fact that development of women has always been the central focus of planning since Independence. Empowerment is a major step in this solicitude but it has to be seen in a relational context. A free vision is needed to remove the obstacles to the path of womens emancipation both from the government and women themselves. Efforts should be directed towards all round development of each and every section of Indian women by giving them their due share.The status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past some millennia. From equal status with men in ancient times throug h the bad phases of the medieval period, to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the narrative of women in India has been on better track. In modern India, women have acquired high offices in India including that of the president, Prime minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition, etc. The current President of India is a woman. (5)A review of governments various programmes for women empowerment such as Swashakti, Swayamsidha, Streeshakti, Balika samrudhi yojana and another two thousand projects reveal that little has been done or achieved through these programmes. The discrepancy in the ideology and practice of the empowerment policy of women in India constitutes its continued social, economic and social backwardness. Women make up 52% of our countrys population. Hence there can be no progress unless their needs and interests are fully met. Empowerment would not hold any pith unless they are made strong, alert and aware of their equal status in the societ y. Policies should be framed to bring them into the mainstream of society. It is important to educate the women. The need of the hr is to improve female literacy as education holds the key to development. (2 , 3)There is no doubt about the fact that development of women has always been the central focus of planning since Independence. Empowerment is a major step in this direction but it has to be seen in a relational context. A clear vision is needed to remove the obstacles to the path of womens emancipation both from the government and women themselves. Efforts should be directed towards all round development of each and every section of Indian women by giving them their due share.I conceptualize with the likes of Pratibha Patil, Sonia Gandhi, Indra Nooyi, Chanda Kochar etc. bagging the top jobs, it would not be long when India would be boosting of its Gender Equality Index (GEI) and Gender Development Index (GDI).Lesser will be the social stigma of women exploitation which have haunted it for many years gone by.SummaryEmpowerment can be define as the totality of the following or similar capabilitiesHaving decision-making power of their ownHaving access to information and resources for taking proper decisionHaving a arena of options from which you can make choices (not just yes/no, either/or.)Ability to exercise assertiveness collective decision makingHaving positive thinking on the great power to make changeAbility to learn skills for improving ones personal or group power.Ability to change others perceptions by democratic means.Involving in the growth process and changes that is never ending and self-initiatedIncreasing ones positive self-image and overcoming stigma closedown From these discussions we can say that the most common explanation of womens empowerment is the ability to exercise full control over ones actions. The last decades have witnessed some basic changes in the status and role of women in our society. There has been shift in policy app roaches from the concept of welfare in the seventies to development in the eighties and now to growth in the nineties and now trumpet of empowerment. This process has been further accelerated with some sections of women becoming progressively self-conscious of their discrimination in several areas of family and public life. They are also in a position to mobilize themselves on issues that can affect their overall position.

Essay --

Twyla TharpTwyla Tharp, an American dancer and choreographer, was born on July 1, 1941 in Portland, Oregon. When Twyla was a child her and her parents moved to Southern California and the family opened a drive-in movie theater the Twyla worked at from the age of eight. Twyla began taking pianoforte lessons at the age of two and dance lessons at the age of four. Twylas m different wanted her daughter to be accomplished in many a(prenominal) fields so she enrolled her daughter in various artistrys and other classes such as French, German, and shorthand. Soon after beginning her dance lessons Twyla real a deep interest in all the types of dance easy to her. Twyla attended Pacific High School in San Bernardino, California and analyse at the Vera Lynn school of Dance. After High school Twyla left ingleside to attend Pomona College and later transferred to Bernard College in New York City where she studied art history. Twyla later found she had an intense passion in dance so she too k dance classes off campus and began to study at the American Ballet airfield School where she studied with many great dancers and...

Military, Army and War - Military Down Sizing and the Fall of a Great N

Military Down Sizing The Possible Fall of a peachy Nation America is ace the most powerful nations in the world. beingness a strong nation includes having a strong soldiers as well as economy. As one can observe, the U. S. economy is development by leaps and bounds. However, the military is being checkmate sized, and if we do not do something about it, it will continue to be down sized until we check an armed force that will no longer be resourceful of protecting this great nation. Not only will this down sizing affect our ability to protect ourselves, it will similarly cause a substantial loss in economic strength and power abroad. Because military down sizing lessens our power abroad, opens the United States up to a doable invasion, and hurts our economy, the military must be maintained in order to procure a strong, healthy nation both abroad and on the shell front for many centuries to come. Military down sizing is increasing at a rapid rate. This down sizing is pri marily due to reckon cuts. Since the peak of Korean war using up in 1953, military spending has declined in twenty-five of the last thirty-seven years. The name up for Vietnam was presently and followed by an equivalent build down. The Carter-Reagan buildup was longer but smaller than the one for Vietnam, and is currently being succeeded by a new build down (Brauer 299). If history keeps repeating itself, the United States military will continue to build up and then hinder this build up with an even greater build down. As a result the U.S. sustains a weaker more defenceless armed force. The militarys inability to provide its men and women with sufficient transportation is also a problem caused by budget cuts. Many military trucks correspond technolo... ...must always be ready for the least expected. Works Cited Brauer, Jurgen, and Manas Chatterji, eds. Economic Issues of Disarmament. impertinently York New York University Press, 1993. Federation of American Scientis ts. Ed. Marcus Corbin. The New Threats Argument. February 2000. 27 February 2000 <http//www.fas.org/pub/gen/mswg/msbb/new.html>. Hinkle, Jeffrey J. reenforcement the New, Fixing the Old holds the Future for Tactical Trucks. National falsifying 82 (1997-1998) 32-34. Kaminski, Paul G. Building a Ready Force for the 21st Century. Defense Issues 11 (1996) 1-4. Rosello, Lieutenant Colonel Victor M. Predicting the Unpredictable. Military Review 75 (1994-1995) 127-129. Sandler, Todd, and Keith Hartley, eds. The economic science of Defense. New York Cambridge University Press, 1995.